Creativity as connectivity: a rhizome model of creativity

The knowledge-management literature has been weak on theorising the notion of creativity. This paper is an attempt to conceptualise creativity as the series of connections in what French philosopher Gilles Deleuze calls a rhizome; a horizontal network structure wherein all nodes can be connected to one another. This argument is illustrated by the new drug development activities in the pharmaceutical industry. New drugs are developed in four major phases: Discovery (Phase 0) and Development (Phases 1, 2 and 3). In the earlier phases of Discovery and Development, pharmaceutical researchers make connections between various entities and events in order to produce a new candidate drug. All these connections are made in a single plane producing lines of thought that eventually enable the new drug to be registered. The rhizome model of creativity helps to ground the notion of creativity in a coherent ontological and epistemological model and to demystify creative processes. Thus the rhizome is a viable analytical instrument for creativity studies.

[1]  Margaret A. Peteraf The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource‐based view , 1993 .

[2]  Gilles Deleuze,et al.  Essays Critical and Clinical , 1993 .

[3]  Anders Söderholm,et al.  A theory of the temporary organization , 1995 .

[4]  Paul Ankers,et al.  In search of relevance: Is there an academic‐practitioner divide in business‐to‐business marketing? , 2004 .

[5]  Robert Cheng Huat Chia A 'Rhizomic' Model of Organizational Change and Transformation: Perspective from a Metaphysics of Change , 1999 .

[6]  P. Baumard Tacit Knowledge in Organizations , 1999 .

[7]  E. Penrose The theory of the growth of the firm twenty-five years after , 1960 .

[8]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity , 1996 .

[9]  I. Cockburn,et al.  Measuring competence?: exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research , 1994 .

[10]  A. Whitehead Process and reality : an essay in cosmology , 1978 .

[11]  Juan Pablo Zabala Epistemic Cultures. How sciences make knowledge, Karin Knorr Cetina, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1999, 329 páginas , 2000 .

[12]  Andrew B. Hargadon,et al.  Building an innovation factory. , 2000, Harvard business review.

[13]  E. Grosz Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism , 1994 .

[14]  John B. Cobb The Rehabilitation of Whitehead: An Analytic and Historical Assessment of Process Philosophy , 1990 .

[15]  Rosi Braidotti,et al.  Meta(l)morphoses , 1997 .

[16]  Deborah Dougherty,et al.  Organizing for Innovation , 1999 .

[17]  Daniel Hjorth,et al.  HLPE: On HRM and Entrepreneurship , 1999 .

[18]  M. Poster,et al.  What's the Matter with the Internet? , 2001 .

[19]  A. Lin Knowledge Assets: Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy , 2001 .

[20]  I. Nonaka,et al.  The Knowledge Creating Company , 2008 .

[21]  R. Braidotti Nomadic Subjects : Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory , 1994 .

[22]  J. O. Ogbor Mythicizing and Reification in Entrepreneurial Discourse: Ideology‐Critique of Entrepreneurial Studies , 2000 .

[23]  Alexandre B. Lopes,et al.  The Knowing-Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action , 1999 .

[24]  Kristian Kreiner In search of relevance: Project management in drifting environments , 1995 .

[25]  D. Kellner,et al.  Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations , 1991 .

[26]  Kendall Roth,et al.  An empirical analysis of sustained advantage in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry: impact of firm resources and capabilities , 1999 .

[27]  Ronald K. Mitchell Oral history and expert scripts: demystifying the entrepreneurial experience , 1996 .

[28]  Georges Bataille Visions of Excess , 1985 .

[29]  F. Nietzsche On the Genealogy of Morals , 2010, Princeton Readings in Political Thought.

[30]  Thomas H. Davenport,et al.  Book review:Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Thomas H. Davenport and Laurence Prusak. Harvard Business School Press, 1998. $29.95US. ISBN 0‐87584‐655‐6 , 1998 .

[31]  David A. Nadler,et al.  Organizing for Innovation , 1986 .

[32]  M. Alvesson Knowledge Work: Ambiguity, Image and Identity , 2001 .

[33]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  How to kill creativity. , 1998, Harvard business review.

[34]  H. Maturana,et al.  The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding , 2007 .

[35]  Charles J. Stivale,et al.  The two-fold thought of Deleuze and Guattari : intersections and animations , 1998 .

[36]  Thomas Bay AND ... AND ... AND ... : Reiterating Financial Derivation , 1998 .

[37]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do , 1997 .

[38]  G. Deleuze,et al.  Spinoza: Practical Philosophy , 1970 .

[39]  Stephen Little,et al.  Managing Knowledge: An Essential Reader , 2005 .

[40]  F. David Peat,et al.  Science, Order, and Creativity , 1987 .

[41]  N. Foss Knowledge-Based Approaches to the Theory of the Firm: Some Critical Comments , 1996 .

[42]  B. Latour Science in Action , 1987 .

[43]  James Clifford,et al.  Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century , 1997 .

[44]  Martin H. Levinson Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention , 1997 .

[45]  R. Grant Chapter 8 – Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration , 1999 .

[46]  P. Bougen,et al.  Organizing and Regulating as Rhizomatic Lines: Bank Fraud and Auditing , 2000 .

[47]  F. Guattari,et al.  A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia , 1980 .

[48]  G. R. Oldham,et al.  Employee Creativity: Personal and Contextual Factors at Work , 1996 .

[49]  Dorothea Olkowski,et al.  Gilles Deleuze and the ruin of representation , 1999 .

[50]  P. Roberts Product innovation, product–market competition and persistent profitability in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry , 1999 .

[51]  Kenneth Surin,et al.  The `Epochality' of Deleuzean Thought , 1997 .

[52]  Gilles Deleuze,et al.  The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque , 1988 .

[53]  Greg Lee,et al.  Knowledge management and drug development , 1998, J. Knowl. Manag..

[54]  J. Spender Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm , 1996 .

[55]  J. Barney Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage , 1991 .

[56]  Patrick Hayden,et al.  Multiplicity and Becoming: The Pluralist Empiricism of Gilles Deleuze , 1998 .

[57]  Ian Buchanan Deleuze and cultural studies , 2001 .

[58]  Gilles Deleuze,et al.  Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza , 1968 .

[59]  J. Marks,et al.  Gilles Deleuze: Vitalism and Multiplicity , 1998 .

[60]  Timothy Morris Asserting Property Rights: Knowledge Codification in the Professional Service Firm , 2001 .

[61]  A. Donnellon,et al.  The Post-bureaucratic organization : new perspectives on organizational change , 1994 .

[62]  Wanda J. Orlikowski,et al.  Metaphors of virtuality: shaping an emergent reality , 2001, Inf. Organ..