All you wanted to know about SELEX

In vitro selection, or SELEX, is a technique that allows the simultaneous screening of highly diverse pools of different RNA or DNA (dsDNA or ssDNA) molecules for a particular feature. Different examples from a great variety of applications ofin vitro selection experiments are described and a detailed overview of the method and its variations will be given. Some especially conclusivein vitro selection experiments are discussed in detail to illustrate the potential power and diversity of this method. Potential restrictions of the methods and possible ways to overcome them are pointed out.

[1]  L. Galanti,et al.  Immunoassay of theophylline by latex particle counting. , 1990, Journal of immunoassay.

[2]  Michael Famulok,et al.  Selection of Functional RNA and DNA Molecules from Randomized Sequences , 1993 .

[3]  M. Famulok,et al.  Specific binding of antibodies to DNA through combinatorial antibody libraries , 1994 .

[4]  L Hendeles,et al.  Theophylline A “State of the Art” Review , 1983, Pharmacotherapy.

[5]  J. Sodroski,et al.  A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication , 1986, Nature.

[6]  J. Szostak,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA aptamers specific for cyanocobalamin. , 1994, Biochemistry.

[7]  N. Janjić,et al.  High-affinity RNA ligands to basic fibroblast growth factor inhibit receptor binding. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  Gerald F. Joyce,et al.  Selection in vitro of an RNA enzyme that specifically cleaves single-stranded DNA , 1990, Nature.

[9]  P. Burgstaller,et al.  Isolation of RNA Aptamers for Biological Cofactors by In Vitro Selection , 1994 .

[10]  C. Tuerk,et al.  In vitro evolution of functional nucleic acids: high-affinity RNA ligands of HIV-1 proteins. , 1993, Gene.

[11]  Michael Famulok,et al.  In Vitro Selection of Specific Ligand‐binding Nucleic Acids , 1992 .

[12]  R. Green,et al.  In vitro genetic analysis of the Tetrahymena self-splicing intron , 1990, Nature.

[13]  Andrew D. Ellington,et al.  A three–dimensional model of the Rev–binding element of HIV–1 derived from analyses of aptamers , 1994, Nature Structural Biology.

[14]  L E Orgel,et al.  Unexpected substrate specificity of T4 DNA ligase revealed by in vitro selection. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[15]  Bryan R. Cullen,et al.  HIV-1 structural gene expression requires binding of the rev trans-activator to its RNA target sequence , 1990, Cell.

[16]  B. Dujon,et al.  Comparison of fungal mitochondrial introns reveals extensive homologies in RNA secondary structure. , 1982, Biochimie.

[17]  S. Le,et al.  The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA , 1989, Nature.

[18]  I. Ernberg,et al.  HIV-1 regulator of virion expression (Rev) protein binds to an RNA stem-loop structure located within the Rev response element region , 1990, Cell.

[19]  L. Gold,et al.  Selection of high affinity RNA ligands to the bacteriophage R17 coat protein. , 1992, Journal of molecular biology.

[20]  L. Gold,et al.  Selection of high-affinity RNA ligands to reverse transcriptase: inhibition of cDNA synthesis and RNase H activity. , 1994, Biochemistry.

[21]  Michael R. Green,et al.  Sequence-specific RNA binding by the HIV-1 Rev protein , 1989, Nature.

[22]  P. Wingfield,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus rev protein recognizes a target sequence in rev-responsive element RNA within the context of RNA secondary structure , 1990 .

[23]  S. Altman,et al.  Differential evolution of substrates for an RNA enzyme in the presence and absence of its protein cofactor , 1994, Cell.

[24]  A. Ellington,et al.  RNA Selection: Aptamers achieve the desired recognition , 1994, Current Biology.

[25]  E. Westhof,et al.  Modelling of the three-dimensional architecture of group I catalytic introns based on comparative sequence analysis. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[26]  J. Feigon,et al.  Thrombin-binding DNA aptamer forms a unimolecular quadruplex structure in solution. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[27]  G. F. Joyce,et al.  Directed evolution of an RNA enzyme. , 1992, Science.

[28]  B. Cullen,et al.  In vitro selection of DNA elements highly responsive to the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I transcriptional activator, Tax , 1994, Molecular and cellular biology.

[29]  J W Szostak,et al.  In vitro genetics. , 1992, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[30]  Mark F. Kubik,et al.  High-affinity RNA ligands to human alpha-thrombin , 1994, Nucleic Acids Res..

[31]  E. Vermaas,et al.  Selection of single-stranded DNA molecules that bind and inhibit human thrombin , 1992, Nature.

[32]  N. Lehman,et al.  Evolution in vitro of an RNA enzyme with altered metal dependence , 1993, Nature.

[33]  S. Swaminathan,et al.  A DNA aptamer which binds to and inhibits thrombin exhibits a new structural motif for DNA. , 1993, Biochemistry.

[34]  J W Szostak,et al.  Selection of a ribozyme that functions as a superior template in a self-copying reaction. , 1992, Science.

[35]  A D Ellington,et al.  Selection and design of high-affinity RNA ligands for HIV-1 Rev. , 1993, Gene.

[36]  O. Uhlenbeck,et al.  In vitro selection of RNAs that undergo autolytic cleavage with Pb2+. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[37]  J. Latham,et al.  The application of a modified nucleotide in aptamer selection: novel thrombin aptamers containing 5-(1-pentynyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[38]  Jack W. Szostak,et al.  An RNA motif that binds ATP , 1993, Nature.

[39]  Michael Famulok,et al.  Stereospecific recognition of tryptophan agarose by in vitro selected RNA , 1992 .

[40]  G. F. Joyce,et al.  Randomization of genes by PCR mutagenesis. , 1992, PCR methods and applications.

[41]  J. Szostak,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands , 1990, Nature.

[42]  G. F. Joyce,et al.  Amplification, mutation and selection of catalytic RNA. , 1989, Gene.

[43]  D. Bartel,et al.  Isolation of new ribozymes from a large pool of random sequences [see comment]. , 1993, Science.

[44]  M Yarus,et al.  Three small ribooligonucleotides with specific arginine sites. , 1993, Biochemistry.

[45]  Michael Famulok,et al.  Molecular Recognition of Amino Acids by RNA-Aptamers: An L-Citrulline Binding RNA Motif and Its Evolution into an L-Arginine Binder , 1994 .

[46]  L. Gold,et al.  RNA pseudoknots that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[47]  L. Gold,et al.  Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. , 1990, Science.

[48]  E. Szathmáry,et al.  Coding coenzyme handles: a hypothesis for the origin of the genetic code. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  L. Gold,et al.  Selective enrichment of RNA species for tight binding to Escherichia coli rho factor , 1993, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[50]  A. Pardi,et al.  High-resolution molecular discrimination by RNA. , 1994, Science.

[51]  M. Famulok,et al.  The multimerization state of retroviral RNA is modulated by ammonium ions and affects HIV-1 full-length cDNA synthesis in vitro. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[52]  M. Yarus.  9 An RNA-Amino Acid Affinity , 1993 .

[53]  Michael R. Green,et al.  HIV-1 rev regulation involves recognition of non-Watson-Crick base pairs in viral RNA , 1991, Cell.