A review on the factors influencing energy efficiency of mosque buildings

Abstract Mosques are external load dominated buildings that are characterized by their intermittent and varying occupancy schedules. Most mosques employ some form of mechanical heating/cooling system in order to maintain suitable thermal comfort conditions for the users during prayer times. Due to the unique spatial characteristics and occupancy patterns of mosques, these systems are often found to be energy-intensive which impacts the overall energy efficiency of the building. The inefficiency in mosque energy usage has been typically attributed to the poor thermal performance of the buildings along with unsuitable operational strategies for the occupancy schedule of mosques. This paper reviews contemporary literature on mosque energy usage with an aim of identifying the factors that influence the energy efficiency of mosque buildings. Findings from the literature have been categorized according to different parameters of the building design as well as design and operational strategies of the heating/cooling systems. Discussion on the common practice and best practice has also been done with respect to thermal comfort standards and requirements. In addition to that, this paper compares and critically evaluates the studies that have aimed at reducing energy consumption and improving energy efficiency in mosques. Findings from multiple research suggest that as much as half of the energy usage can be reduced with the optimization of building design and operational strategies of mosques. The review of contemporary literature provides valuable insights into mosque energy usage patterns and identifies the important aspects to be considered in reducing energy consumption in mosque buildings. Through this literature review, numerous research gaps have been identified that may be pivotal in designing energy efficient mosques. Based on those, future potential research prospects have also been suggested.