Specific conductance; theoretical considerations and application to analytical quality control

1 Introduction 1 Theory of specific conductance 1 Electrical resistance and conductance 1 Definition of conductivity 2 Potassium chloride secondary standards 2 Temperature effects and instrumental temperature compensation 3 Ionic conductance 6 Concentration relationships 7 Temperature relationships 8 Effects of complexation and protonation 9 Applications to analytical quality control 10 An empirical approach in natural waters 10 Tests of the empirical model 11 Adjustments for effects of complexation 11 Calculation of the sum of conductance and the exponential correction factor (f) 11 Evaluation of/ 11 Quality control checks 12 Comparison of measured with computed specific conductance and anions with cations 12 Predicting the sum of anions or cations 13 A special case for seawater and estuarine waters 13 Notes on specific conductance measurements 14 Instrumentation 14 Procedures 14 Summary 15 References 15 FIGURES 1-5. Graphs showing: 1. Conductivity-temperature relationships for 0.01 N KG solution and 1 per mil chlorinity seawater 4 2. Percentage change in conductivity with temperature for 0.01 N KC1 solution and seawater in 1 °C increments 5 3. Values of the ratio of specific conductance to conductivity for 0.01 N KG solution and 1 per mil chlorinity seawater 6 4. Decreases in equivalent conductance of selected electrolytes with increasing concentration 8 5. Changes in limiting equivalent conductivity of selected ions with temperature 9

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