New Insights Into Ambiguities in Quad-Pol SAR

Quadrature-polarimetric (quad-pol) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a well-established technique which has numerous applications in remote sensing. However, spaceborne quad-pol SAR systems are often constrained by severe range and azimuth ambiguities. A deep understanding of the nature of ambiguities in conventional, hybrid, and $\pm \pi $ /4 quad-pol SAR allows a correct evaluation of the ambiguity-to-signal ratio and the design of systems optimized for ambiguity suppression. In that respect azimuth phase coding and merging data available from both cross-polarized channels play an important role. The results of this paper are relevant not only for the design of future spaceborne quad-pol SAR systems, including staggered SAR ones, but also for the optimal exploitation of quad-pol SAR systems currently in operation.