State-of-the-art automobile emissions models and applications in North America and Europe for sustainable transportation

This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art automobile emissions models that have been utilized in North America and Europe. The emissions models are classified into two categories: models for emissions inventory and instantaneous emissions models. Each model is explained in some detail, covering revisions and characteristics such as emissions modeling, user input, emissions processes, vehicle categories, pollutants, key variables, and so on. Research trends on the application of the automobile emissions models are also presented. The most robust research area was found to be the assessment of the impacts of various factors, schemes, and technologies affecting vehicle emissions. The second research focus was the enhancement of the applicability of the models to improve the accuracy and quality of emissions estimations. The final area of research was the improvement of energy efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the use of information and communication technologies. There have been a variety of applications utilizing the emissions models. Their contributions to a reduction in vehicle emissions and fuel consumption appear to be very significant.