A comprehensive review of synchronization methods for grid-connected converters of renewable energy source

Recent interest in the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the power grid has raised concerns in synchronization of the various RES. Grid variables such as voltage, phase angle and frequency should be continuously monitored to guarantee correct operation and synchronization of power converters connected to the power grid. Numerous synchronization methods have been presented over the years to address issues such as unbalanced condition and frequency variation. This paper presents a review of past studies on synchronization methods for grid-connected converters together with their control and modeling techniques. Various estimation techniques for phase angle, frequency and harmonic are discussed and examined. Key challenges for a smart and efficient synchronization are briefly overviewed and possible future works are also recommended. A consolidated review is the particular focus of this paper, as is the provision of information on the best method for synchronizing grid-connected converters.

[1]  Marian P. Kazmierkowski,et al.  Grid synchronization and symmetrical components extraction with PLL algorithm for grid connected power electronic converters - a review , 2011 .

[2]  Guangyi Liu,et al.  Reliability based power systems planning and operation with wind power integration: A review to models, algorithms and applications , 2014 .

[3]  Guan-Chyun Hsieh,et al.  Phase-locked loop techniques. A survey , 1996, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[4]  Marco Liserre,et al.  Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems , 2011 .

[5]  Cheng-I Chen,et al.  Radial-Basis-Function-Based Neural Network for Harmonic Detection , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[6]  Mario Rizo,et al.  A Generalized Delayed Signal Cancellation Method for Detecting Fundamental-Frequency Positive-Sequence Three-Phase Signals , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[7]  Houshang Karimi,et al.  A magnitude/phase-locked loop system based on estimation of frequency and in-phase/quadrature-phase amplitudes , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[8]  Loi Lei Lai,et al.  Real-time frequency and harmonic evaluation using artificial neural networks , 1999 .

[9]  Arye Nehorai,et al.  Comparative study of four adaptive frequency trackers , 1997, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[10]  S.-K. Chung,et al.  Phase-locked loop for grid-connected three-phase power conversion systems , 2000 .

[11]  Jong-Woo Choi,et al.  Digital PLL control for single-phase photovoltaic system , 2004 .

[12]  I. Carugati,et al.  Frequency Adaptive PLL for Polluted Single-Phase Grids , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[13]  Mark Sumner,et al.  Running DFT-Based PLL Algorithm for Frequency, Phase, and Amplitude Tracking in Aircraft Electrical Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[14]  Alireza R. Bakhshai,et al.  Estimation of Power System Frequency Using Adaptive Notch Filter , 2005, 2005 IEEE Instrumentationand Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings.

[15]  A. K. Akella,et al.  A simulation based case study for control of DSTATCOM. , 2014, ISA transactions.

[16]  S. Maestri,et al.  Variable Sampling Period Filter PLL for Distorted Three-Phase Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[17]  Ramesh C. Bansal,et al.  A review of key power system stability challenges for large-scale PV integration , 2015 .

[18]  Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi,et al.  A general approach toward building integrated photovoltaic systems and its implementation barriers: A review , 2013 .

[19]  Ricardo Quadros Machado,et al.  Operation of a Three-Phase Power Converter Connected to a Distribution System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[20]  M. Karimi-Ghartemani,et al.  A Unifying Approach to Single-Phase Synchronous Reference Frame PLLs , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[21]  Fangxing Li,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis of Load-Damping Characteristic in Power System Frequency Regulation , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[22]  Bhavna Jain,et al.  Control strategies of grid interfaced wind energy conversion system: An overview , 2015 .

[23]  Davood Yazdani,et al.  A Real-Time Extraction of Harmonic and Reactive Current in a Nonlinear Load for Grid-Connected Converters , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[24]  P. Rodriguez,et al.  Enhanced Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid-Voltage Conditions , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[25]  P Karuppanan,et al.  Active harmonic current compensation to enhance power quality , 2014 .

[26]  Gerardo Escobar,et al.  Fixed-Reference-Frame Phase-Locked Loop for Grid Synchronization Under Unbalanced Operation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  Saeed Golestan,et al.  Control strategies for single-phase grid integration of small-scale renewable energy sources: A review , 2012 .

[28]  Pedro Rodriguez,et al.  Special section on renewable energy systems-part I: Guest Editorial , 2011 .

[29]  M.R. Iravani,et al.  Estimation of frequency and its rate of change for applications in power systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[30]  Xiong Du,et al.  Three-phase grid voltage synchronization using sinusoidal amplitude integrator in synchronous reference frame , 2015 .

[31]  Lion Hirth,et al.  Balancing power and variable renewables: Three links , 2015 .

[32]  Maialen Boyra,et al.  A review on synchronization methods for grid-connected three-phase VSC under unbalanced and distorted conditions , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications.

[33]  M. Monfared,et al.  Design-Oriented Study of Advanced Synchronous Reference Frame Phase-Locked Loops , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[34]  A. C. Liew,et al.  Estimation of power system frequency using adaptive notch filters , 1998, Proceedings of EMPD '98. 1998 International Conference on Energy Management and Power Delivery (Cat. No.98EX137).

[35]  Y. Li,et al.  Three-Phase Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation PLL for Fast Selective Harmonic Detection , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[36]  P. K. Jain,et al.  Problems of Startup and Phase Jumps in PLL Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[37]  Marcelo A. Pérez,et al.  A Robust Phase-Locked Loop Algorithm to Synchronize Static-Power Converters With Polluted AC Systems , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[38]  B.V.P. Chong,et al.  Voltage Synchronisation Techniques for Grid-Connected Power Converters , 2014 .

[39]  Kashem M. Muttaqi,et al.  Smart Grid and its future perspectives in Australia , 2015 .

[40]  G. Joos,et al.  A Nonlinear Adaptive Synchronization Techniquefor Grid-Connected Distributed Energy Sources , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[41]  Lei Guo,et al.  An Amplitude Adaptive Notch Filter for Grid Signal Processing , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[42]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Design and Tuning of a Modified Power-Based PLL for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Power Conditioning Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[43]  Mike Barnes,et al.  Phase-locked loop for AC systems: Analyses and comparisons , 2012 .

[44]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[45]  Y. Li,et al.  Analysis and Digital Implementation of Cascaded Delayed-Signal-Cancellation PLL , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[46]  Hamidreza Mahdian,et al.  Improvement in the Synchronization Process of the Voltage-Sourced Converters Connected to the Grid by PLL in Order to Detect and Block the Double Frequency Disturbance Term , 2013 .

[47]  A. Bakhshai,et al.  A New Phase-Locked Loop System for Three-Phase Applications , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[48]  M. Bongiorno,et al.  Effect of Sampling Frequency and Harmonics on Delay-Based Phase-Sequence Estimation Method , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[49]  Leonardo A. B. Tôrres,et al.  Comparison of Three Single-Phase PLL Algorithms for UPS Applications , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[50]  Francis P. Dawson,et al.  New synchronization method for thyristor power converters to weak AC-systems , 1993, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[51]  Mats Leijon,et al.  Lower order grid current harmonics for a voltage-source inverter connected to a distorted grid , 2014 .

[52]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Dynamics Assessment of Advanced Single-Phase PLL Structures , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[53]  D. Boroyevich,et al.  Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL for Power Converters Control , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[54]  Alessandro Giua,et al.  Guest Editorial , 2001, Discrete event dynamic systems.

[55]  Se-Kyo Chung,et al.  A phase tracking system for three phase utility interface inverters , 2000 .

[56]  Bimal K. Bose,et al.  Expert system, fuzzy logic, and neural network applications in power electronics and motion control , 1994, Proc. IEEE.

[57]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Multiresonant Frequency-Locked Loop for Grid Synchronization of Power Converters Under Distorted Grid Conditions , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[58]  Liang-Rui Chen,et al.  PLL-based battery charge circuit topology , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[59]  M. Karimi-Ghartemani,et al.  Processing of Symmetrical Components in Time-Domain , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[60]  Ali Elrayyah,et al.  Robust phase locked-loop algorithm for single-phase utility-interactive inverters , 2014 .

[61]  Jeyraj Selvaraj,et al.  Global prospects, progress, policies, and environmental impact of solar photovoltaic power generation , 2015 .

[62]  Felice Liccardo,et al.  Robust and Fast Three-Phase PLL Tracking System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[63]  A. Iturregi,et al.  Review of grid connection requirements for generation assets in weak power grids , 2015 .

[64]  Kai Yang,et al.  Outage-Storage Tradeoff in Frequency Regulation for Smart Grid With Renewables , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[65]  Davood Yazdani,et al.  Robust Adaptive Frequency Estimation of Three-Phase Power Systems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[66]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Grid synchronization of power converters using multiple second order generalized integrators , 2008, 2008 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics.

[67]  Bimal K. Bose,et al.  A Digital PLL Scheme for Three-Phase System Using Modified Synchronous Reference Frame , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[68]  Seppo J. Ovaska,et al.  Adaptive filtering using multiplicative general parameters for zero-crossing detection , 2003, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[69]  Seema Singh,et al.  Harmonics estimation in emerging power system: Key issues and challenges , 2011 .

[70]  Liang Wang,et al.  A Novel Phase-Locked Loop Based on Frequency Detector and Initial Phase Angle Detector , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[71]  Fabio Leccese,et al.  Non recursive multi-harmonic least squares fitting for grid frequency estimation , 2015 .

[72]  Gabriel Garcerá,et al.  An Adaptive Synchronous-Reference-Frame Phase-Locked Loop for Power Quality Improvement in a Polluted Utility Grid , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[73]  Ganapati Panda,et al.  Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex Kalman filter , 1999 .

[74]  Ganapati Panda,et al.  An extended complex Kalman filter for frequency measurement of distorted signals , 2000, 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37077).

[75]  Joan Rocabert Delgado.  Intelligent connection agent for three-phase grid-connected microgrids , 2010 .

[76]  Michio Nakano,et al.  Special section on phase-locked loop techniques , 1996, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[77]  Ahmed A. El-Sattar,et al.  Improved particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic system connected to the grid with low voltage ride through capability , 2016 .

[78]  Seppo J. Ovaska,et al.  Noise reduction in zero crossing detection by predictive digital filtering , 1995, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[79]  J. Petinrin,et al.  Renewable energy for continuous energy sustainability in Malaysia , 2015 .

[80]  Danilo P. Mandic,et al.  Widely Linear Modeling for Frequency Estimation in Unbalanced Three-Phase Power Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[81]  Yun Wei Li,et al.  A Grid Fundamental and Harmonic Component Detection Method for Single-Phase Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[82]  J. Svensson,et al.  Practical Implementation of Delayed Signal Cancellation Method for Phase-Sequence Separation , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[83]  Chien-Hung Huang,et al.  Frequency Estimation of Distorted Power System Signals Using a Robust Algorithm , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[84]  Hans-Peter Nee,et al.  Power-Synchronization Control of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[85]  Mauricio Aredes,et al.  Analysis and Software Implementation of a Robust Synchronizing PLL Circuit Based on the pq Theory , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[86]  Athula D. Rajapakse,et al.  Voltage balancing and synchronization of microgrids with highly unbalanced loads , 2014 .

[87]  Dushan Boroyevich,et al.  Phase-Locked Loop Noise Reduction via Phase Detector Implementation for Single-Phase Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[88]  Shinji Shinnaka,et al.  A Robust Single-Phase PLL System With Stable and Fast Tracking , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[89]  N. F. Guerrero-Rodríguez,et al.  Control and synchronization algorithms for a grid-connected photovoltaic system under harmonic distortions, frequency variations and unbalances , 2015 .

[90]  M.R. Iravani,et al.  A method for synchronization of power electronic converters in polluted and variable-frequency environments , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[91]  Zbigniew Leonowicz,et al.  Analysis of SDFT based phase detection system for grid synchronization of distributed generation systems , 2014 .

[92]  Gabriel Garcera,et al.  Comparative study of speed estimators with highly noisy measurement signals for Wind Energy Generation Systems , 2011 .

[93]  N. F. Guerrero-Rodríguez,et al.  Review of Synchronization Algorithms used in Grid-Connected Renewable Agents , 2014 .

[94]  B.P. McGrath,et al.  Power converter line synchronization using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based on a variable sample rate , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[95]  Rik Pintelon,et al.  An efficient nonlinear least square multisine fitting algorithm , 2002, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[96]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Advantages and Challenges of a Type-3 PLL , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[97]  Changhee Cho,et al.  Active Synchronizing Control of a Microgrid , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[98]  Kaveh Dehghanpour,et al.  Electrical demand side contribution to frequency control in power systems: a review on technical aspects , 2015 .

[99]  A. Teke,et al.  A Novel Reference Signal Generation Method for Power-Quality Improvement of Unified Power-Quality Conditioner , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[100]  R. Teodorescu,et al.  A Stationary Reference Frame Grid Synchronization System for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Power Converters Under Adverse Grid Conditions , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.