Adaptive Optics in Astronomy: Imaging through the atmosphere

Optical observations by ground‐based astronomers have long been limited by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere. Primary mirrors have been polished to exquisite accuracy for telescopes with apertures as large as 10 meters, but at optical wavelengths these can deliver an angular resolution typically no better than that of a 25‐cm telescope, as atmospheric turbulence deforms the image on a millisecond time scale. One (highly expensive) approach to overcome this problem has been to loft instruments such as the Hubble Space Telescope above the atmosphere. Another approach, pursued by instrument builders in the astronomy community and their counterparts in the military, has been to design electro‐optical systems that measure and undo the effects of clear‐air turbulence in real time. (See figure 1.) A number of such adaptive optic devices have already been built and operated on large ground‐based telescopes, delivering near‐diffraction‐limited performance at infrared and visible wavelengths. With th...

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