Load Modulation For Leadless Pacemaker Synchronization In A Dual Chamber Pacemaker System

Leadless Pacemakers are a new generation of pacemakers, providing therapy for patients with bradyarrhythmias. Studies are performed to extend the existing single chamber pacing to dual chamber pacing system. For such a system, the implanted leadless pacemakers should be synchronized to provide atrium and ventricular co-ordination. Given size constraints from the first commercial products, the signal transmission efficiency has been investigated for varying distances between the two devices. The two devices are coupled thanks to electromagnetic inductive resonance. The energy consumed for providing synchronization is evaluated and is compared to available device battery capacity (220mAh), in order to test feasibility and estimate longevity. Device longevity plots for both simulation and experimental studies, for varying distances are analyzed, it is found that predicted longevity is less than 20 days (experimental study) for distances greater than 3mm.In this paper, electromagnetic resonance coupled load modulation technique is considered for providing synchronization and is tested for feasibility in simulation and experimental studies. In general, the results indicate that the load modulation technique is feasible to provide synchronization in between leadless pacemakers for small distances (< 15mm) with a decrease in system longevity.