A Conceptual Model of Referee Efficacy

This paper presents a conceptual model of referee efficacy, defines the concept, proposes sources of referee specific efficacy information, and suggests consequences of having high or low referee efficacy. Referee efficacy is defined as the extent to which referees believe they have the capacity to perform successfully in their job. Referee efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to be influenced by mastery experiences, referee knowledge/education, support from significant others, physical/mental preparedness, environmental comfort, and perceived anxiety. In turn, referee efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to influence referee performance, referee stress, athlete rule violations, athlete satisfaction, and co-referee satisfaction.

[1]  David A. Pierce,et al.  Officiating bias: The effect of foul differential on foul calls in NCAA basketball , 2009, Journal of sports sciences.

[2]  Werner Helsen,et al.  Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football , 2004, Journal of sports sciences.

[3]  M. Anshel,et al.  Sources of acute stress in american and australian basketball referees , 1995 .

[4]  A. Bandura.  Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. , 1977, Psychological review.

[5]  Peter R. Giacobbi,et al.  Sources of Sport-Confidence: Conceptualization and Instrument Development , 1998 .

[6]  A. Bandura.  Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[7]  D. Ste-Marie.  Memory biases in gymnastic judging: differential effects of surface feature changes , 2003 .

[8]  F. García,et al.  CARACTERÍSTICAS DESEABLES EN EL ARBITRAJE Y EL JUICIO DEPORTIVO , 2001 .

[9]  G. Tenenbaum,et al.  Anticipation and confidence of decisions related to skilled performance. , 1996 .

[10]  P. A. Richardson,et al.  Psychology of officiating , 1990 .

[11]  Recruitment and Retention of Sports Officials , 2009 .

[12]  A. Bandura,et al.  Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  A. Porter,et al.  Personal and situational factors that predict coping strategies for acute stress among basketball referees. , 1997, Journal of sports sciences.

[14]  B. Long,et al.  Coping Effectiveness: A Path Analysis of Self‐Efficacy, Control, Coping, and Performance in Sport Competitions1 , 1995 .

[15]  A. Bandura,et al.  Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  Ryan H. Boyko,et al.  Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football , 2007, Journal of sports sciences.

[17]  R. Ittenbach,et al.  A Personality Profile of Southeastern Conference Football Officials. , 1986 .

[18]  W. Helsen,et al.  Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees , 2007, Journal of sports sciences.

[19]  D. Feltz,et al.  Self-efficacy in sport: research and strategies for working with athletes, teams and coaches. , 2007 .

[20]  Lee Crust,et al.  Mental toughness in sport: A review , 2007 .

[21]  Adrian H. Taylor,et al.  Perceived stress, psychological burnout and paths to turnover intentions among sport officials. , 1990 .

[22]  D. Rainey.  Sources of stress among baseball and softball umpires , 1995 .

[23]  D. Feltz,et al.  A Conceptual Model of Coaching Efficacy: Preliminary Investigation and Instrument Development , 1999 .

[24]  D. Rainey.  Stress, Burnout, and Intention to Terminate among Umpires , 1995 .

[25]  D. Feltz,et al.  The Relation of Self-Efficacy Measures to Sport Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review , 2000, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[26]  Alexander D. Stajkovic,et al.  Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. , 1998 .

[27]  P. A. Goldsmith,et al.  Perceived stressor for football and volleyball officials from three rating levels. , 1992 .

[28]  Marcie J. Balch,et al.  Contrary to Popular Belief, Refs Are People Too! Personality and Perceptions of Officials , 2007 .

[29]  N. Vanyperen.  Predicting Stay/Leave Behavior among Volleyball Referees , 1998 .

[30]  F. García.  Panorama actual en el estudio del arbitraje y el juicio deportivo desde una perspectiva psicológica , 2003 .

[31]  Teri J. Hepler,et al.  Relationship between decision-making self-efficacy, task self-efficacy, and the performance of a sport skill , 2008, Journal of sports sciences.

[32]  A. Zelli,et al.  Gender, Age, and Professional-Level Differences in the Psychological Correlates of Fear of Injury in Italian Gymnasts , 2005 .

[33]  A. Williams,et al.  Influence of Crowd Noise on Soccer Refereeing Consistency in Soccer , 2007 .

[34]  Myron H. Dembo,et al.  Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. , 1984 .

[35]  D. Feltz.  Advancing Knowledge in Sport Psychology: Strategies for Expanding Our Conceptual Frameworks , 1987 .