Cellulose-based hydrogels: Present status and application prospects

This review addresses recent progress in cellulose-based hydrogels design and fabrication. Firstly, hydrogels fabricated directly from native cellulose (including bacterial cellulose) via cellulose dissolution are introduced. Secondly, cellulose hydrogels based on its derivatives, including methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), obtained by physical as well as chemical cross-linking strategies are considered. Thirdly, composite hydrogels prepared by using cellulose in conjunction with other polymers through blending, formation of polyelectrolyte complexes, and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) technology are addressed. Finally, cellulose-inorganic hybrid hydrogels prepared by embedding inorganic nanoparticles in cellulose matrices are described and discussed. This review addresses the recent progress in cellulose based hydrogel designs and fabrication approaches, leading to the development of hydrogels from this class of carbohydrate polymers.

[1]  G. Daculsi,et al.  Bone repair using a new injectable self‐crosslinkable bone substitute , 2006, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[2]  Long Zhao,et al.  Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution Onto Chitosan Entrapped CM-Cellulose Hydrogels Synthesized by Irradiation , 2008 .

[3]  H. A. El-Rehim,et al.  Radiation preparation of PVA/CMC copolymers and their application in removal of dyes. , 2009 .

[4]  Anthony Guiseppi-Elie,et al.  Electroconductive hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[5]  Jun Gao,et al.  Synthesis and Light Scattering Study of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Microgels , 2000 .

[6]  G. Daculsi,et al.  Synthesis and general properties of silated-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in prospect of biomedical use. , 2002, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[7]  A. Saha,et al.  Temperature and pH sensitive photoluminescence of riboflavin-methyl cellulose hydrogel: towards AND molecular logic gate behaviour , 2009 .

[8]  L. Nicolais,et al.  Introduction of molecular spacers between the crosslinks of a cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogel: Effects on the equilibrium sorption properties , 2003 .

[9]  Ke Tao,et al.  Thermal sensitive microgels with stable and reversible photoluminescence based on covalently bonded quantum dots. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[10]  M. Popa,et al.  Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol) : methyl cellulose hydrogel as possible scaffolds in tissue engineering , 2007 .

[11]  P. Gatenholm,et al.  Characterization of water in bacterial cellulose using dielectric spectroscopy and electron microscopy , 2007 .

[12]  Jean Chmielewski,et al.  Folate-mediated cell targeting and cytotoxicity using thermoresponsive microgels. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  C. Chu,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable unsaturated poly(ester amide)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels , 2005 .

[14]  Xiaohu Xia,et al.  Formation and Volume Phase Transition of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Microgels in Salt Solution , 2003 .

[15]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Bacterial cellulose as a potential meniscus implant , 2007, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[16]  D. Mooney,et al.  Hydrogels for tissue engineering. , 2001, Chemical Reviews.

[17]  Ziniu Yu,et al.  Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids and its application : a mini-review , 2006 .

[18]  Lihui Weng,et al.  Thermal gelation of cellulose in a NaOH/thiourea aqueous solution. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[19]  Akihiko Takegawa,et al.  Preparation of cellulose-starch composite gel and fibrous material from a mixture of the polysaccharides in ionic liquid , 2009 .

[20]  Daniel Scherman,et al.  Growth factor delivery approaches in hydrogels. , 2009, Biomacromolecules.

[21]  J. Gong,et al.  Tubular bacterial cellulose gel with oriented fibrils on the curved surface , 2008 .

[22]  Hai-Feng Xia,et al.  Chromatographic performance of macroporous cellulose-tungsten carbide composite beads as anion-exchanger for expanded bed adsorption at high fluid velocity. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[23]  Cong-jie Gao,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of soluble chitosan/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte complexes and the pervaporation dehydration of their homogeneous membranes , 2009 .

[24]  H. Yasuda.  Biocompatibility of nanofilm-encapsulated silicone and silicone-hydrogel contact lenses. , 2006, Macromolecular bioscience.

[25]  Norihiro Kato,et al.  Microporous, fast response cellulose ether hydrogel prepared by freeze-drying. , 2004, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[26]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Unique gelation behavior of cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. , 2006, Biomacromolecules.

[27]  K. E. Salmawi,et al.  Synthesis of crosslinked superabsorbent carboxymethyl cellulose/acrylamide hydrogels through electron-beam irradiation , 2007 .

[28]  L. Meng,et al.  The ionic liquid-associated synthesis of a cellulose/SWCNT complex and its remarkable biocompatibility , 2009 .

[29]  Y. Lam,et al.  Gel Network Structure of Methylcellulose in Water , 2001 .

[30]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Hydrogels prepared from unsubstituted cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. , 2007, Macromolecular bioscience.

[31]  Akihiko Takegawa,et al.  Preparation of chitin/cellulose composite gels and films with ionic liquids , 2010 .

[32]  A. Sannino,et al.  Spin coating cellulose derivatives on quartz crystal microbalance plates to obtain hydrogel‐based fast sensors and actuators , 2007 .

[33]  R. Zhuo,et al.  Fabrication of supramolecular hydrogels for drug delivery and stem cell encapsulation. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[34]  Jongseong Kim,et al.  Label-free biosensing with hydrogel microlenses. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[35]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Structure and properties of cellulose/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels prepared by IPN strategy , 2011 .

[36]  G. Daculsi,et al.  Injectable bone substitute using a hydrophilic polymer. , 1999, Bone.

[37]  T. Aminabhavi,et al.  Controlled release of diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen through beads of sodium alginate and hydroxy ethyl cellulose blends , 2006 .

[38]  C. Melia,et al.  The application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to monitor the concentration and state of water in solutions of a thermally responsive cellulose ether during gelation , 2006 .

[39]  J. Rosiak,et al.  Synthesis of hydrogels by irradiation of polymers in aqueous solution , 1999 .

[40]  Margarita Guenther,et al.  Hydrogel-based piezoresistive pH sensors: investigations using FT-IR attenuated total reflection spectroscopic imaging. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  S. Eichhorn,et al.  Modeling crystal and molecular deformation in regenerated cellulose fibers. , 2005, Biomacromolecules.

[42]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Cellulose/chitin beads for adsorption of heavy metals in aqueous solution. , 2004, Water research.

[43]  W. Wan,et al.  The polyvinyl alcohol-bacterial cellulose system as a new nanocomposite for biomedical applications. , 2006, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[44]  D. Klemm,et al.  Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[45]  T. Kondo,et al.  A gelation mechanism depending on hydrogen bond formation in regioselectively substituted O-methylcelluloses , 2003 .

[46]  M. Philbert,et al.  Ultrafine hydrogel nanoparticles: synthetic approach and therapeutic application in living cells. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[47]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Investigation of the scaling law on cellulose solution prepared at low temperature. , 2008, Journal of Physical Chemistry B.

[48]  M. H. Gil,et al.  Rheological study of genipin cross-linked chitosan hydrogels. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[49]  Anil Kumar Bajpai,et al.  Responsive polymers in controlled drug delivery , 2008 .

[50]  R. Leblanc,et al.  Nitrocinnamate-functionalized gelatin: synthesis and "smart"hydrogel formation via photo-cross-linking. , 2005, Biomacromolecules.

[51]  M. Shoichet,et al.  An injectable drug delivery platform for sustained combination therapy. , 2009, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[52]  D. Faroongsarng,et al.  Thermal behavior of water in the selected starch- and cellulose-based polymeric hydrogels. , 2008, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[53]  H. M. N. El-Din,et al.  Swelling and drug release properties of acrylamide/carboxymethyl cellulose networks formed by gamma irradiation , 2010 .

[54]  Lina Zhang,et al.  High effective adsorption of organic dyes on magnetic cellulose beads entrapping activated carbon. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[55]  Lina Zhang,et al.  In situ synthesis of Fe3O4/cellulose microspheres with magnetic-induced protein delivery , 2009 .

[56]  Johnathan E. Holladay,et al.  Interactions between cellulose and N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide , 2007 .

[57]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Effects of Crosslinking Methods on Structure and Properties of Cellulose/PVA Hydrogels , 2008 .

[58]  S. Mousa,et al.  Heparin-cellulose-charcoal composites for drug detoxification prepared using room temperature ionic liquids. , 2008, Chemical communications.

[59]  H. Mitomo,et al.  Hydrogel of Radiation-Induced Cross-Linked Hydroxypropylcellulose , 2002 .

[60]  A. Higazy,et al.  Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch-based hybrids and their applications in flocculation and sizing , 2010 .

[61]  Akira Harada,et al.  Contrast viscosity changes upon photoirradiation for mixtures of poly(acrylic acid)-based alpha-cyclodextrin and azobenzene polymers. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[62]  M. Sakakibara,et al.  Preparation and properties of transparent cellulose hydrogels , 2003 .

[63]  W. Glasser,et al.  Hydrogels from polysaccharides. I. Cellulose beads for chromatographic support , 1996 .

[64]  L. Nicolais,et al.  Cellulose derivative-hyaluronic acid-based microporous hydrogels cross-linked through divinyl sulfone (DVS) to modulate equilibrium sorption capacity and network stability. , 2004, Biomacromolecules.

[65]  C. McCormick,et al.  Microstructural Examination of Semi-Interpenetrating Networks of Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) with Cellulose or Chitin Synthesized in Lithium Chloride/N,N-Dimethylacetamide , 1998 .

[66]  L. Nicolais,et al.  Biomedical application of a superabsorbent hydrogel for body water elimination in the treatment of edemas. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[67]  Ronald J Neufeld,et al.  Semisynthesis of a controlled stimuli-responsive alginate hydrogel. , 2009, Biomacromolecules.

[68]  E. Marsano,et al.  Microporous thermally sensitive hydrogels based on hydroxypropyl cellulose crosslinked with poly-ethyleneglicol diglycidyl ether , 2003 .

[69]  Dieter Klemm,et al.  Bacterial synthesized cellulose — artificial blood vessels for microsurgery , 2001 .

[70]  X. Yang,et al.  A novel cellulose hydrogel prepared from its ionic liquid solution , 2009 .

[71]  Paul V. Braun,et al.  Tunable Inverse Opal Hydrogel pH Sensors , 2003 .

[72]  H. Mitomo,et al.  Hydrogel of biodegradable cellulose derivatives. II. Effect of some factors on radiation‐induced crosslinking of CMC , 2001 .

[73]  Yoshihito Osada,et al.  High Mechanical Strength Double‐Network Hydrogel with Bacterial Cellulose , 2004 .

[74]  A. Fatimi,et al.  An injectable cellulose‐based hydrogel for the transfer of autologous nasal chondrocytes in articular cartilage defects , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[75]  P. Petrov,et al.  Synthesis of biodegradable hydroxyethylcellulose cryogels by UV irradiation , 2007 .

[76]  Jide Wang,et al.  The Swelling Behaviors and Network Parameters of Cationic Starch-g-Acrylic Acid/Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Hydrogels , 2008 .

[77]  F. G. Torres,et al.  Nanocomposites of bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[78]  N. Picci,et al.  Synthesis and antioxidant activity evaluation of a novel cellulose hydrogel containing trans-ferulic acid , 2009 .

[79]  H. Fink,et al.  Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions , 2001 .

[80]  Xin Chen,et al.  Electrical behavior of a natural polyelectrolyte hydrogel: chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel. , 2008, Biomacromolecules.

[81]  Shenglian Guo,et al.  Mechanisms of lead biosorption on cellulose/chitin beads. , 2005, Water research.

[82]  Y. Ohya,et al.  Temperature‐Induced Hydrogels Through Self‐Assembly of Cholesterol‐Substituted Star PEG‐b‐PLLA Copolymers: An Injectable Scaffold for Tissue Engineering , 2008 .

[83]  D. Pang,et al.  Strongly fluorescent hydrogels with quantum dots embedded in cellulose matrices , 2009 .

[84]  D. Long,et al.  Chitosan-Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogels as Supports for cell Immobilization , 1996 .

[85]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Polymer fractionation using chromatographic column packed with novel regenerated cellulose beads modified with silane. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[86]  Masaki Yamagata,et al.  An acidic cellulose-chitin hybrid gel as novel electrolyte for an electric double layer capacitor , 2009 .

[87]  Paul A. Rundquist,et al.  Advances in cellulose ester performance and application , 2001 .

[88]  R. Bai,et al.  Copper adsorption on chitosan–cellulose hydrogel beads: behaviors and mechanisms , 2005 .

[89]  A. Sannino,et al.  A cellulose‐based hydrogel as a potential bulking agent for hypocaloric diets: An in vitro biocompatibility study on rat intestine , 2006 .

[90]  G. Asimellis,et al.  Customized hydrogel contact lenses for keratoconus incorporating correction for vertical coma aberration , 2009, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[91]  Yu-Hsin Lin,et al.  Novel method using a temperature-sensitive polymer (methylcellulose) to thermally gel aqueous alginate as a pH-sensitive hydrogel. , 2004, Biomacromolecules.

[92]  Molly S. Shoichet,et al.  Polymer Scaffolds for Biomaterials Applications , 2010 .

[93]  N. Vrana,et al.  Characterization of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Chitosan Hydrogels as Vascular Tissue Engineering Scaffolds , 2008 .

[94]  R. Spontak,et al.  Temperature-dependent property development in hydrogels derived from hydroxypropylcellulose , 2002 .

[95]  R. Spontak,et al.  Microporous, Responsive Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Gels. 1. Synthesis and Microstructure , 1998 .

[96]  Robin D. Rogers,et al.  Dissolution of Cellose with Ionic Liquids , 2002 .

[97]  J. Schurz.  A bright future for cellulose , 1999 .

[98]  J. Wu,et al.  High-strength cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol) gels. , 2008, ChemSusChem.

[99]  J. Watanabe,et al.  Antifouling blood purification membrane composed of cellulose acetate and phospholipid polymer. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[100]  T. Caykara,et al.  Preparation and Swelling Properties of Temperature-Sensitive Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Composed of Poly[(N-tert-butylacrylamide)-co-acrylamide] and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose , 2006 .

[101]  C. J. Knill,et al.  Production and characterisation of novel injectable chitosan/methylcellulose/salt blend hydrogels with potential application as tissue engineering scaffolds , 2010 .

[102]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Dynamic Self-Assembly Induced Rapid Dissolution of Cellulose at Low Temperatures , 2008 .

[103]  O. Wichterle,et al.  Hydrophilic Gels for Biological Use , 1960, Nature.

[104]  Chao-Ming Shih,et al.  Preparation and characterization of cellulose/chitosan blend films , 2009 .

[105]  H. Mitomo,et al.  Hydrogel of biodegradable cellulose derivatives. I. Radiation‐induced crosslinking of CMC , 2000 .

[106]  Yusong Wang,et al.  Effects of specific bonding interactions in poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/silica hybrid materials on optical transparency and melting behavior , 2005 .

[107]  N. Işıklan,et al.  Controlled release of insecticide carbaryl from sodium alginate, sodium alginate/gelatin, and sodium alginate/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose blend beads crosslinked with glutaraldehyde , 2006 .

[108]  Hanqing Yu,et al.  Synthesis of Microporous Cationic Hydrogel of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC) and its Application on Anionic Dye Removal , 2009 .

[109]  Ann-Christine Albertsson,et al.  Novel pH-sensitive chitosan hydrogels: swelling behavior and states of water , 2000 .

[110]  M. Nydén,et al.  Dissolution and gelation of cellulose in TBAF/DMSO solutions: the roles of fluoride ions and water. , 2009, Biomacromolecules.

[111]  Y. Lam,et al.  Effect of solvent state and isothermal conditions on gelation of methylcellulose hydrogels , 2008, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[112]  Jing Peng,et al.  Radiation preparation and swelling behavior of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels , 2002 .

[113]  F. Chiellini,et al.  Novel agmatine-containing poly(amidoamine) hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering. , 2005, Biomacromolecules.

[114]  Claudia J Rawn,et al.  Biomimetic synthesis of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in a natural hydrogel. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[115]  Yoshiro Kaneko,et al.  A facile preparation of gel materials from a solution of cellulose in ionic liquid. , 2008, Carbohydrate research.

[116]  T. Heinze,et al.  Effective preparation of cellulose derivatives in a new simple cellulose solvent , 2000 .

[117]  Junmin Zhu,et al.  Bioactive modification of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[118]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Inclusion Complex Formation of Cellulose in NaOH–Thiourea Aqueous System at Low Temperature , 2007 .

[119]  G. Marcì,et al.  Environmentally sustainable production of cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels , 2006 .

[120]  Jun Zhang,et al.  1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquid: A new and powerful nonderivatizing solvent for cellulose , 2005 .

[121]  Hai-Feng Xia,et al.  Preparation and characterization of macroporous cellulose-tungsten carbide composite beads for expanded bed applications. , 2007, Journal of Chromatography A.

[122]  R. Pelton,et al.  Carboxymethyl cellulose : Polyvinylamine complex hydrogel swelling , 2007 .

[123]  I. Gofman,et al.  Anisotropic swelling and mechanical behavior of composite bacterial cellulose-poly(acrylamide or acrylamide-sodium acrylate) hydrogels. , 2010, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[124]  Chih-hao Huang,et al.  Novel method of forming human embryoid bodies in a polystyrene dish surface-coated with a temperature-responsive methylcellulose hydrogel. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[125]  Usman Sorathia,et al.  Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: An Overview , 1990 .

[126]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Superabsorbent hydrogels based on cellulose for smart swelling and controllable delivery , 2010 .

[127]  L. Nicolais,et al.  Novel superabsorbent cellulose‐based hydrogels crosslinked with citric acid , 2008 .

[128]  Songmiao Liang,et al.  Fabrication and Properties of Cellulose Hydrated Membrane with Unique Structure , 2007 .

[129]  A. Mishra,et al.  Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based semi-IPNs as carriers for controlled release of ciprofloxacine: an in-vitro dynamic study , 2008, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[130]  J. Salvetat,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as structural nanofibers for hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffolds. , 2008, Biomacromolecules.

[131]  Xianhua Feng,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Polyelectrolyte Complex Films Based on Polyvinylamine and Carboxymethyl Cellulose , 2006 .

[132]  P. Martens,et al.  Tailoring the degradation of hydrogels formed from multivinyl poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl alcohol) macromers for cartilage tissue engineering. , 2003, Biomacromolecules.

[133]  J. Sousa,et al.  Aggregation and gelation in hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose aqueous solutions. , 2008, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[134]  Pierre Weiss,et al.  Three-dimensional culture and differentiation of human osteogenic cells in an injectable hydroxypropylmethylcellulose hydrogel. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[135]  Mark Bradley,et al.  Versatile biocompatible polymer hydrogels: scaffolds for cell growth. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[136]  Jing Peng,et al.  Radiation crosslinking of CMC-Na at low dose and its application as substitute for hydrogel , 2005 .

[137]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of novel macroporous cellulose–alginate hydrogels , 2009 .

[138]  Sun-Gu Lee,et al.  Purification of His-tagged proteins using Ni2+-poly(2-acetamidoacrylic acid) hydrogel. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[139]  Jianping Deng,et al.  Using glycidyl methacrylate as cross‐linking agent to prepare thermosensitive hydrogels by a novel one‐step method , 2008 .