Enhanced lithium storage capability of sodium lithium titanate via lithium-site doping

Abstract In this work, Na 2 Li 2 Ti 6 O 14 and its Li-site substitution Na 2 Li 1.9 M 0.1 Ti 6 O 14 (M n+  = Na + , Mg 2+ , Cr 3+ , Ti 4+ , V 5+ ) samples are synthesized by a simple solid state reaction route and evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Their crystal structures and ion doping behaviors are described and verified by Rietveld refinement. Electrochemical results exhibit that Na + , Mg 2+ and Cr 3+ dopings can effectively improve the lithium storage capability of Na 2 Li 2 Ti 6 O 14 . Especially for Na 2 Li 1.9 Cr 0.1 Ti 6 O 14 , it shows the best cycling and rate properties among all the as-prepared samples, with a cycling reversible capacity of 262.2 mAh g −1 at 100 mA g −1 and a rate charge capacity of 233.3 mAh g −1 at 700 mA g −1 . The enhanced electrochemical properties are contributed to the reduced particle size, decreased charge transfer resistance and improved ionic diffusion coefficient of Na 2 Li 2 Ti 6 O 14 via Cr 3+ doping. Furthermore, the zero-strain characteristic should also be responsible for the outstanding lithium storage capability of Na 2 Li 1.9 Cr 0.1 Ti 6 O 14 . Besides, in-situ X-ray diffraction also reveals that Na 2 Li 1.9 Cr 0.1 Ti 6 O 14 has high structural stability and reversibility during charge–discharge process. Therefore, Na 2 Li 1.9 Cr 0.1 Ti 6 O 14 may be a probable high performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

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