Liver elastography, comments on EFSUMB elastography guidelines 2013.

Recently the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Guidelines and Recommendations have been published assessing the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. The document is intended to form a reference and to guide clinical users in a practical way. They give practical advice for the use and interpretation. Liver disease forms the largest section, reflecting published experience to date including evidence from meta-analyses with shear wave and strain elastography. In this review comments and illustrations on the guidelines are given.

[1]  N. Robert,et al.  Diagnosis of cirrhosis based on regional changes in hepatic morphology: a radiological and pathological analysis. , 1980, Radiology.

[2]  H Nishitani,et al.  Chronic liver disease: value of volumetry of liver and spleen with computed tomography. , 1990, Radiation medicine.

[3]  A. Manduca,et al.  Magnetic resonance elastography by direct visualization of propagating acoustic strain waves. , 1995, Science.

[4]  S. Schalm.  The diagnosis of cirrhosis: clinical relevance and methodology. , 1997, Journal of hepatology.

[5]  W. Caspary,et al.  Enlargement of perihepatic lymph nodes in relation to liver histology and viremia in patients with chronic hepatitis C , 1997, Hepatology.

[6]  S. Emelianov,et al.  Shear wave elasticity imaging: a new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics. , 1998, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[7]  C. Dietrich,et al.  Hepatic and portal vein flow pattern in correlation with intrahepatic fat deposition and liver histology in patients with chronic hepatitis C. , 1998, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[8]  C. Dietrich,et al.  Peri-hepatic lymphadenopathy in primary biliary cirrhosis reflects progression of the disease. , 1999, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[9]  C. Dietrich,et al.  Analyse des Echomusters der Leber bei chronischer Hepatitis C , 1999 .

[10]  T. Poynard,et al.  Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study , 2001, The Lancet.

[11]  Odd Helge Gilja,et al.  Strain during gastric contractions can be measured using Doppler ultrasonography. , 2002, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[12]  Eugene R. Schiff,et al.  Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection , 2002, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[13]  Samer S El-Kamary,et al.  Role of liver biopsy in management of chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review , 2002, Hepatology.

[14]  Laparoscopy and guided liver biopsy in the diagnosis of cirrhosis: conventional technique vs. minilaparoscopy. , 2004, Endoscopy.

[15]  P. Schirmacher,et al.  Minilaparoscopy in the diagnosis of cirrhosis: superiority in patients with Child-Pugh A and macronodular disease. , 2003, Endoscopy.

[16]  D. Conte,et al.  Severe liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: accuracy of US for detection--analysis of 300 cases. , 2003, Radiology.

[17]  M. Ziol,et al.  Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. , 2003, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[18]  J. Pawlotsky,et al.  Evaluation of a panel of non-invasive serum markers to differentiate mild from moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. , 2004, Journal of hepatology.

[19]  J. Kench,et al.  Improved prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C using measures of insulin resistance in a probability index , 2004, Hepatology.

[20]  M. Fink,et al.  Supersonic shear imaging: a new technique for soft tissue elasticity mapping , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[21]  D. Schuppan,et al.  Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[22]  D. Thabut,et al.  Prospective analysis of discordant results between biochemical markers and biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. , 2004, Clinical chemistry.

[23]  V. Wong,et al.  Identification of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients without Significant Liver Fibrosis by a Simple Noninvasive Predictive Model , 2005, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[24]  Albert Tran,et al.  Accuracy of hyaluronic acid level for predicting liver fibrosis stages in patients with hepatitis C virus , 2005, Comparative hepatology.

[25]  William M. Lee,et al.  Predicting cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C based on standard laboratory tests: Results of the HALT‐C cohort , 2005, Hepatology.

[26]  M. Pirisi,et al.  Value of two noninvasive methods to detect progression of fibrosis among HCV carriers with normal aminotransferases , 2005, Hepatology.

[27]  R. Stauber,et al.  Comparison and validation of simple noninvasive tests for prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C , 2005, Hepatology.

[28]  P. Giral,et al.  Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2005, Gastroenterology.

[29]  J. Westin,et al.  Cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients can be excluded using an index of standard biochemical serum markers , 2005, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[30]  Robert F Mattrey,et al.  Ultrasound of the liver. , 2005, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[31]  J. Montaner,et al.  Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection , 2006, Hepatology.

[32]  Y. Ngo,et al.  A prospective analysis of the prognostic value of biomarkers (FibroTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. , 2006, Clinical chemistry.

[33]  Ralph Sinkus,et al.  Liver fibrosis: noninvasive assessment with MR elastography versus aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index. , 2007, Radiology.

[34]  Panagiotis Samaras,et al.  Real-time elastography for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis. , 2007, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[35]  A. Manduca,et al.  Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. , 2007, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[36]  R. Sacco,et al.  Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced by major changes of transaminases , 2007, Journal of viral hepatitis.

[37]  M. Ziol,et al.  Features associated with success rate and performance of FibroScan measurements for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in HCV patients: a prospective study of 935 patients. , 2007, Journal of hepatology.

[38]  Real-time elastography in the assessment of liver fibrosis. , 2007, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[39]  A. Ignee,et al.  Evaluation of hepatic steatosis by ultrasound in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection , 2007 .

[40]  Tudorel Ciurea,et al.  Hue histogram analysis of real-time elastography images for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. , 2007, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[41]  Patrice Cacoub,et al.  Meta-analyses of FibroTest diagnostic value in chronic liver disease , 2007, BMC gastroenterology.

[42]  M. Kudo,et al.  Noninvasive Evaluation of Hepatic Fibrosis Using Serum Fibrotic Markers, Transient Elastography (FibroScan) and Real-Time Tissue Elastography , 2008, Intervirology.

[43]  Don C Rockey,et al.  Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension with transient elastography. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[44]  Odd Helge Gilja,et al.  Freehand real-time elastography: impact of scanning parameters on image quality and in vitro intra- and interobserver validations. , 2008, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[45]  Laurent Castera,et al.  Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography. , 2008, Journal of hepatology.

[46]  Ralph Sinkus,et al.  Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[47]  Barbara Dowell.  Real-time Tissue Elastography , 2008 .

[48]  Vincent Wai-Sun Wong,et al.  Assessment of fibrosis by transient elastography compared with liver biopsy and morphometry in chronic liver diseases. , 2008, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[49]  Richard L Ehman,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic fibrosis: Emerging clinical applications , 2007, Hepatology.

[50]  G. Hunault,et al.  Reproducibility of blood tests of liver fibrosis in clinical practice. , 2008, Clinical biochemistry.

[51]  P. Schirmacher,et al.  Real-time tissue elastography versus FibroScan for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. , 2009, Ultraschall in der Medizin.

[52]  M. Fink,et al.  Quantitative viscoelasticity mapping of human liver using supersonic shear imaging: preliminary in vivo feasibility study. , 2009, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[53]  Gérard Forzy,et al.  Factors of accuracy of transient elastography (fibroscan) for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C , 2009, Hepatology.

[54]  Eva Herrmann,et al.  Liver fibrosis in viral hepatitis: noninvasive assessment with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging versus transient elastography. , 2009, Radiology.

[55]  Y. Maehara,et al.  New method for assessing liver fibrosis based on acoustic radiation force impulse: a special reference to the difference between right and left liver , 2011, Journal of Gastroenterology.

[56]  V. de Lédinghen,et al.  Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: A 5‐year prospective study of 13,369 examinations , 2010, Hepatology.

[57]  G. Alexander,et al.  Enhanced liver fibrosis test can predict clinical outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease , 2010, Gut.

[58]  Rosa Gilabert,et al.  Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver surface and transient elastography in clinically doubtful cirrhosis. , 2010, Journal of hepatology.

[59]  C. Dietrich,et al.  EFSUMB – European Course Book , 2012, Z Ultraschall in der Medizin.

[60]  Gunda Millonig,et al.  Liver stiffness is directly influenced by central venous pressure. , 2010, Journal of hepatology.

[61]  Kunihiro Hosono,et al.  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. , 2010, Radiology.

[62]  Ned C. Rouze,et al.  Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation force-based shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2011, Journal of hepatology.

[63]  Masanori Abe,et al.  Liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: noninvasive diagnosis by means of real-time tissue elastography--establishment of the method for measurement. , 2011, Radiology.

[64]  M. Leshno,et al.  Sampling variability of transient elastography according to probe location , 2011, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[65]  Mathieu Couade,et al.  Noninvasive in vivo liver fibrosis evaluation using supersonic shear imaging: a clinical study on 113 hepatitis C virus patients. , 2011, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[66]  Goldaa Mahajan,et al.  Real-time elastography in differentiating metastatic from nonmetastatic liver nodules. , 2011, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[67]  G. Casazza,et al.  Etiology-related determinants of liver stiffness values in chronic viral hepatitis B or C. , 2011, Journal of hepatology.

[68]  S. Bota,et al.  Factors that influence the correlation of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI), elastography with liver fibrosis. , 2011, Medical ultrasonography.

[69]  R. Ehman,et al.  Assessment of chronic hepatitis and fibrosis: comparison of MR elastography and diffusion-weighted imaging. , 2011, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[70]  G. Engelmann,et al.  Feasibility study and control values of transient elastography in healthy children , 2012, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[71]  E. Cholongitas,et al.  Elastography for the diagnosis of severity of fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. , 2011, Journal of hepatology.

[72]  Julien Vergniol,et al.  Noninvasive tests for fibrosis and liver stiffness predict 5-year outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis C. , 2011, Gastroenterology.

[73]  H. Garg,et al.  Liver Stiffness Measurements in Patients with Different Stages of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Diagnostic Performance and Clinicopathological Correlation , 2012, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[74]  Ioan Sporea,et al.  Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography for fibrosis evaluation in patients with chronic hepatitis C: an international multicenter study. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[75]  Y. Takikawa,et al.  Serial changes of liver stiffness measured by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in acute liver failure: A case report , 2012, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[76]  P. Roderick,et al.  Systematic review of the diagnostic performance of serum markers of liver fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease , 2012, Comparative hepatology.

[77]  Dieter Häussinger,et al.  Evaluation of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for determination of liver stiffness using transient elastography as a reference. , 2012, World journal of gastroenterology.

[78]  M. Neurath,et al.  Impact of Food Intake, Ultrasound Transducer, Breathing Maneuvers and Body Position on Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Elastometry of the Liver , 2012, Ultraschall in der Medizin.

[79]  Carmine Tinelli,et al.  Reproducibility of real-time shear wave elastography in the evaluation of liver elasticity. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[80]  A. Pollett,et al.  Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients , 2012, Hepatology.

[81]  J. Vergniol,et al.  Non‐invasive diagnosis of liver steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and transient elastography , 2012, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[82]  V. Wong,et al.  Liver Stiffness Measurement Using XL Probe in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , 2012, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[83]  P. Parrilla,et al.  Detection of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with morbid obesity before bariatric surgery: preliminary evaluation with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging , 2012, European Radiology.

[84]  M. Lupsor,et al.  Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta‐analysis , 2012, Journal of viral hepatitis.

[85]  M. Friedrich-Rust,et al.  Acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging and transient elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in NAFLD. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[86]  C. Dietrich,et al.  Liver Tumor Characterization – Comments and Illustrations Regarding Guidelines , 2012, Ultraschall in der Medizin.

[87]  T. Asselah,et al.  Direct comparison of diagnostic performance of transient elastography in patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C , 2012, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[88]  V. Wong,et al.  Diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement: comparison between M and XL probe of FibroScan®. , 2012, Journal of hepatology.

[89]  V. de Lédinghen,et al.  Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis with transient elastography (FibroScan®): applying the cut-offs of M probe to XL probe. , 2013, Annals of hepatology.

[90]  S. Bota,et al.  The influence of food intake on liver stiffness values assessed by acoustic radiation force impulse elastography-preliminary results. , 2013, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[91]  P. Das,et al.  Fibroscan can avoid liver biopsy in Indian patients with chronic hepatitis B , 2013, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[92]  C. Dietrich,et al.  Current status and perspectives of elastography. , 2014, European journal of radiology.