Review of optical scintillation methods of measuring the refractive-index spectrum, inner scale and surface fluxes

Abstract The background, recent progress and future trends of remote sensing of three environmental parameters using optical scintillation are reviewed. The parameters are the refractive-index spectrum of turbulence, the inner scale of turbulence, and the surface fluxes of heat, humidity and momentum.

[1]  G. R. Ochs,et al.  Inner-scale dependence of scintillation variances measured in weak scintillation , 1992 .

[2]  G. R. Ochs,et al.  Measuring surface-layer fluxes of heat and momentum using optical scintillation , 1992 .

[3]  V. Thiermann,et al.  The measurement of turbulent surface-layer fluxes by use of bichromatic scintillation , 1992 .

[4]  A. Consortini,et al.  Beam wandering of thin parallel beams through atmospheric turbulence , 1991 .

[5]  Using scintillation at two wavelengths to measure path-averaged heat fluxes in free convection , 1991 .

[6]  E. L. Andreas.  Three-Wavelength Method of Measuring Path-Averaged Turbulent Heat Fluxes , 1990 .

[7]  R. Frehlich.  Variance of focal-plane centroids , 1990 .

[8]  G. Conforti,et al.  A Mixed Method for Measuring the Inner Scale of Atmospheric Turbulence , 1990 .

[9]  S. Flatté,et al.  Simulation of point-source scintillation through three-dimensional random media , 1990 .

[10]  G R Ochs,et al.  Effects of saturation on the optical scintillometer. , 1990, Applied optics.

[11]  Mark J. Beran,et al.  Effect Of The Turbulence Inner Scale On Scintillation In The Atmosphere , 1989, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[12]  Ehud Azoulay,et al.  Modeling of structure constant and inner scale of refractive index fluctuations - an experimental investigation , 1989, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[13]  R. Hill,et al.  Effect of refractive dispersion on the trichromatic correlation of irradiances for atmospheric scintillation. , 1989, Applied optics.

[14]  Reginald J. Hill,et al.  Structure Functions and Spectra of Scalar Quantities in the Inertial–Convective and Viscous–Convective Ranges of Turbulence , 1989 .

[15]  Reginald J. Hill,et al.  Implications of Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory for Scalar Quantities , 1989 .

[16]  Edgar L. Andreas,et al.  Two-Wavelength Method of Measuring Path-Averaged Turbulent Surface Heat Fluxes , 1989 .

[17]  A. Kohnle,et al.  Optical measurement of the inner scale of turbulence , 1988 .

[18]  R. Frehlich,et al.  Estimation of the parameters of the atmospheric turbulence spectrum using measurements of the spatial intensity covariance. , 1988, Applied optics.

[19]  R J Hill.  Comparison of scintillation methods for measuring the inner scale of turbulence. , 1988, Applied optics.

[20]  E. L. Andreas.  Atmospheric stability from scintillation measurements. , 1988, Applied optics.

[21]  R. A. Bohlander,et al.  Turbulence-induced millimeter-wave scintillation compared with micrometeorological measurements , 1988 .

[22]  V. Banakh,et al.  Lidar in a Turbulent Atmosphere , 1987 .

[23]  J. Codona,et al.  Scintillation from extended incoherent sources , 1987 .

[24]  M. Tur,et al.  Optical bichromatic correlation method for the remote sensing of the inner scale , 1987 .

[25]  R. Frehlich.  Intensity covariance of a point source in a random medium with a Kolmogorov spectrum and an inner scale of turbulence , 1987 .

[26]  G. Conforti,et al.  Determination Of The Inner Scale Of Atmospheric Turbulence Through Laser Beam Wandering , 1987, Other Conferences.

[27]  N N Ben-Yosef,et al.  Two-color correlation of scintillations. , 1986, Applied optics.

[28]  M. Tur,et al.  Two-scale solution for the intensity fluctuations of two-frequency wave propagation in a random medium , 1985 .

[29]  G R Ochs,et al.  Optical-scintillation method of measuring turbulence inner scale. , 1985, Applied optics.

[30]  H. Panofsky,et al.  Atmospheric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications , 1984 .

[31]  M. Herben,et al.  Evaporation derived from optical and radio-wave scintillation. , 1983, Applied optics.

[32]  R. Fante.  Inner-scale size effect on the scintillations of light in the turbulent atmosphere , 1983 .

[33]  W. Kohsiek,et al.  Measuring CT2, CQ2, and CTQ in the unstable surface layer, and relations to the vertical fluxes of heat and moisture , 1982 .

[34]  W. A. Coles,et al.  Simultaneous measurements of angular scattering and intensity scintillation in the atmosphere , 1982 .

[35]  Theory of measuring the path-averaged inner scale of turbulence by spatial filtering of optical scintillation. , 1982, Applied optics.

[36]  W Kohsiek.  Optical and in Situ Measuring of Structure Parameters Relevant to Temperature and Humidity, and Their Application to the Measuring of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux. , 1982 .

[37]  Reginald J. Hill,et al.  Theory of saturation of optical scintillation by strong turbulence: plane-wave variance and covariance and spherical-wave covariance , 1982 .

[38]  Steven F. Clifford,et al.  Theory of saturation of optical scintillation by strong turbulence for arbitrary refractive-index spectra , 1981 .

[39]  V. Lukin,et al.  Optical wave phase fluctuations. , 1981, Applied optics.

[40]  V. L. Mironov,et al.  Spectrum of the spatial coherence function of a laser beam in a turbulent atmosphere , 1980 .

[41]  Turbulence Investigation at Small Scale by Angle-of-arrival Fluctuations of a Laser Beam , 1980 .

[42]  R. Hill.  Effects of large-scale intermittency of turbulence on scalar spectra at high wave numbers , 1980 .

[43]  R. Coulter,et al.  Estimates of surface heat flux from sodar and laser scintillation measurements in the unstable boundary layer , 1979 .

[44]  V. Pokasov,et al.  Two-frequency Fluctuations of Light Intensity in a Turbulent Medium , 1979 .

[45]  G R Ochs,et al.  Fine calibration of large-aperture optical scintillometers and an optical estimate of inner scale of turbulence. , 1978, Applied optics.

[46]  Reginald J. Hill,et al.  Models of the scalar spectrum for turbulent advection , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[47]  J. Wyngaard,et al.  Estimating Momentum, Heat and Moisture Fluxes from Structure Parameters , 1978 .

[48]  S. Clifford,et al.  Modified spectrum of atmospheric temperature fluctuations and its application to optical propagation , 1978 .

[49]  V. Shishov,et al.  Influence of source sizes on the spectra of interplanetary scintillations. Theory , 1978 .

[50]  S. Clifford,et al.  The classical theory of wave propagation in a turbulent medium , 1978 .

[51]  C. Paulson,et al.  Microscale temperature and velocity spectra in the atmospheric boundary layer , 1977, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[52]  Carl A. Friehe,et al.  Flux Measurements, Flux Estimation Techniques, and Fine-Scale Turbulence Measurements in the Unstable Surface Layer Over Land. , 1977 .

[53]  V. Lukin,et al.  Optical phase measurements of refractive-index fluctuations , 1976 .

[54]  M. Wesely.  A Comparison of Two Optical Methods for Measuring Line Averages of Thermal Exchanges Above Warm Water Surfaces , 1976 .

[55]  M. Wesely,et al.  The Combined Effect of Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations on Refractive Index , 1976 .

[56]  A. Consortini.  Measurements of angle of arrival fluctuations of a laser beam due to turbulence , 1976 .

[57]  I. G. Yakushkin.  Asymptotic calculation of field-intensity fluctuations in a turbulent medium for long paths , 1975 .

[58]  M. Wesely,et al.  Atmospheric turbulence parameters from visual resolution. , 1975, Applied optics.

[59]  L. Ronchi,et al.  Laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence , 1974 .

[60]  A. S. Gurvich,et al.  Evaluation of the high-frequency portion of the turbulence spectrum with the aid of a laser , 1973 .

[61]  R. Burling,et al.  An investigation of high-wavenumber temperature and velocity spectra in air , 1972, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[62]  P. M. Livingston,et al.  Proposed method of inner scale measurement in a turbulent atmosphere. , 1972, Applied optics.

[63]  A. S. Monin,et al.  Statistical Fluid Mechanics: The Mechanics of Turbulence , 1998 .

[64]  A. S. Gurvich,et al.  Experimental study of coherence-function spectra , 1971 .

[65]  V. I. Tatarskii.  The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation , 1971 .

[66]  R. S. Lawrence,et al.  A survey of clear-air propagation effects relevant to optical communications , 1970 .

[67]  D. A. Gray,et al.  Measurement of fine‐scale atmospheric structure using an optical propagation technique , 1970 .

[68]  J. Strohbehn.  The feasibility of laser experiments for measuring the permittivity spectrum of the turbulent atmosphere , 1970 .

[69]  R. Lee,et al.  Weak scattering in random media, with applications to remote probing , 1969 .

[70]  A. M. Oboukhov.  Some specific features of atmospheric tubulence , 1962, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.