Peptides for the Biofunctionalization of Silicon for Use in Optical Sensing with Porous Silicon Microcavities

Addressing the surface chemistry of silicon is of fundamental scientific and technical significance due to the wide use of this material in electronics and optics. A novel method of functionalizing silicon (Si) via short peptides with binding specificity for Si is presented. The peptide presenting the highest affinity for Si is identified via phage display technology, and the 12‐mer LLADTTHHRPWT and SPGLSLVSHMQT peptides were found to be specific for the n+‐Si and p+‐Si surfaces, respectively. In our sensing application, the obtained peptides are used as functionalizing linkers to allow porous silicon microcavities to bind biotin and then capture streptavidin. Molecular detection is monitored via reflectometric interference spectra as shifts in the resonance peaks of the cavity structure. An improved streptavidin sensing (21 times lower detection limit) with peptide‐functionalized porous silicon microcavities is demonstrated, compared to sensing performed with devices functionalized with the commonly used silanization method, suggesting that the modification of Si via Si‐specific peptides provides better interface layers for molecular detection. High‐resolution atomic force microscopy images corroborate this result and reveal the formation of ordered nanometer‐sized molecular layers when peptide‐route functionalization is performed.

[1]  Phages recognizing the Indium Nitride semiconductor surface via their peptides , 2011, Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society.

[2]  C. Gergely,et al.  Peptide Route Functionalization of ZnSe Crystals Preserves Activity and Structure of Proteins while Adsorption , 2010 .

[3]  Thierry Cloitre,et al.  Selection and mass spectrometry characterization of peptides targeting semiconductor surfaces , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[4]  M. Sailor,et al.  Photoluminescence‐Based Sensing With Porous Silicon Films, Microparticles, and Nanoparticles , 2009 .

[5]  Sebastian Lourdudoss,et al.  Peptides for functionalization of InP semiconductors. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[6]  Michael J. Sailor,et al.  Real-time monitoring of enzyme activity in a mesoporous silicon double layer , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[7]  D. K. Aswal,et al.  Hybrid molecule-on-silicon nanoelectronics: Electrochemical processes for grafting and printing of monolayers , 2009 .

[8]  Gabriela Palestino,et al.  Functionalization of nanostructured porous silicon microcavities for glucose oxidase detection , 2008 .

[9]  E. Pérez,et al.  Biosensing and protein fluorescence enhancement by functionalized porous silicon devices. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[10]  Zoltán Bálint,et al.  Tailoring GaN semiconductor surfaces with biomolecules. , 2008, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[11]  Walid Tawfik Y. Mohamed.  Improved LIBS limit of detection of Be, Mg, Si, Mn, Fe and Cu in aluminum alloy samples using a portable Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera , 2008 .

[12]  Dominique Vuillaume,et al.  Molecular-scale electronics , 2008 .

[13]  P. Eklund,et al.  Electronic properties of semiconductor nanowires. , 2008, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[14]  Karney.  The institution of engineering and technology seminar on location technologies , 2007 .

[15]  M. Mora-Ramos,et al.  Optical characterization of polytype Fibonacci and Thue–Morse quasiregular dielectric structures made of porous silicon multilayers , 2007 .

[16]  Candan Tamerler,et al.  Molecular biomimetics: utilizing nature's molecular ways in practical engineering. , 2007, Acta biomaterialia.

[17]  M. Stutzmann,et al.  Direct biofunctionalization of semiconductors: A survey , 2006 .

[18]  D K Aswal,et al.  Self assembled monolayers on silicon for molecular electronics. , 2006, Analytica chimica acta.

[19]  Stephen Todryk,et al.  A novel method to identify and characterise peptide mimotopes of heat shock protein 70-associated antigens , 2006, Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines.

[20]  M. Newell,et al.  Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines Cellular Metabolism as a Basis for Immune Privilege , 2022 .

[21]  Philippe M. Fauchet,et al.  Macroporous Silicon Microcavities for Macromolecule Detection , 2005 .

[22]  Claudine Boiziau,et al.  Selection by Phage Display of Peptides Targeting the HIV-1 TAR Element , 2005, RNA biology.

[23]  Erica Anderson,et al.  Identification of polypeptides with selective affinity to intact mouse cerebellar granule neurons from a random peptide-presenting phage library , 2004, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[24]  M. Grundmann,et al.  Binding Specificity of a Peptide on Semiconductor Surfaces , 2004 .

[25]  J. Buriak,et al.  Nanopatterning of alkynes on hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces by scanning probe-induced cathodic electrografting. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  Bettina Schmitt,et al.  Selection of D‐Amino‐Acid Peptides That Bind to Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Peptide Aβ1–42 by Mirror Image Phage Display , 2003, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[27]  J. A. Río,et al.  Tailoring the photonic band gap of a porous silicon dielectric mirror , 2003, cond-mat/0307480.

[28]  Angela M Belcher,et al.  Ordering of Quantum Dots Using Genetically Engineered Viruses , 2002, Science.

[29]  Stacey F. Bent,et al.  Organic functionalization of group IV semiconductor surfaces: principles, examples, applications, and prospects , 2002 .

[30]  Jillian M Buriak,et al.  Organometallic chemistry on silicon and germanium surfaces. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[31]  Passivated Luminescent Porous Silicon , 2001 .

[32]  Paul F. Barbara,et al.  Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly , 2000, Nature.

[33]  Michael J. Sailor,et al.  A Porous Silicon Optical Biosensor: Detection of Reversible Binding of IgG to a Protein A-Modified Surface , 1999 .

[34]  J. Buriak,et al.  Photopatterned Hydrosilylation on Porous Silicon. , 1998, Angewandte Chemie.

[35]  M. Ghadiri,et al.  A porous silicon-based optical interferometric biosensor. , 1997, Science.

[36]  A. Houlton,et al.  Direct functionalization of silicon via the self-assembly of alcohols , 1995 .

[37]  F. Rondelez,et al.  Silanization of Solid Substrates: A Step Toward Reproducibility , 1994 .

[38]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Structure and reactivity of alkylsiloxane monolayers formed by reaction of alkyltrichlorosilanes on silicon substrates , 1989 .

[39]  A. Ulman,et al.  Incorporation of phenoxy groups in self-assembled monolayers of trichlorosilane derivatives. Effects on film thickness, wettability, and molecular orientation. , 1988, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[40]  R. Doolittle,et al.  A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. , 1982, Journal of molecular biology.

[41]  P J Flory,et al.  Conformational energies and configurational statistics of copolypeptides containing L-proline. , 1968, Journal of molecular biology.