A comparison of the use of text summaries, plain thumbnails, and enhanced thumbnails for Web search tasks

We introduce a technique for creating novel, enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of plain thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. As expected, there was a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text summaries outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text summaries. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) had more consistent performance than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best.

[1]  Allison Woodruff,et al.  Using thumbnails to search the Web , 2001, CHI.

[2]  Timothy Archibald,et al.  Search us, says Google , 2000 .

[3]  Mary Czerwinski,et al.  Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management , 1998, UIST '98.

[4]  Jonathan Helfman,et al.  Mandala: An Architecture for Using Images to Access and Organize Web Informations , 1999, VISUAL.

[5]  Anne Chapman,et al.  Making Sense: Teaching Critical Reading across the Curriculum. , 1993 .

[6]  Marti A. Hearst TileBars: visualization of term distribution information in full text information access , 1995, CHI '95.

[7]  James D. Hollan,et al.  Graphical Multiscale Web Histories: A Study of PadPrints , 2003 .

[8]  John T. Stasko,et al.  Using Graphic History in Browsing the World Wide Web , 1995, World Wide Web J..

[9]  Robert W. Reeder,et al.  WebEyeMapper and WebLogger: tools for analyzing eye tracking data collected in web-use studies , 2001, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[10]  Silvia M. Mueller,et al.  An in-depth look at visual attention , 1994 .

[11]  Max Mühlhäuser,et al.  Visual Preview for Link Traversal on the World Wide Web , 1999, Comput. Networks.

[12]  B. J. Winer Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , 1992 .

[13]  V. Coltheart Fleeting memories : cognition of brief visual stimuli , 1999 .

[14]  Max Mühlhäuser,et al.  Visual Preview for Link Traversal on the WWW , 1999 .

[15]  Andy Cockburn,et al.  WebView: A Graphical Aid for Revisiting Web Pages , 1999 .

[16]  Michael J. Wynblatt,et al.  Web page caricatures: multimedia summaries for WWW documents , 1998, Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (Cat. No.98TB100241).

[17]  Stuart K. Card,et al.  A taxonomic analysis of what world wide web activities significantly impact people's decisions and actions , 2001, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[18]  J. L. Myers,et al.  Regression analyses of repeated measures data in cognitive research. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[19]  R. Rosenholtz A simple saliency model predicts a number of motion popout phenomena , 1999, Vision Research.

[20]  Mary Czerwinski,et al.  The Contribution of Thumbnail Image, Mouse-over Text and Spatial Location Memory to Web Page Retrieval in 3D , 1999, INTERACT.

[21]  A. Paivio,et al.  Pictures and words in visual search , 1974, Memory & cognition.

[22]  George G. Robertson,et al.  The WebBook and the Web Forager: an information workspace for the World-Wide Web , 1996, CHI.

[23]  Amanda Spink,et al.  Real life information retrieval: a study of user queries on the Web , 1998, SIGF.

[24]  Tad Hogg,et al.  Phase Transitions in Artificial Intelligence Systems , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[25]  Frans A. J. Verstraten,et al.  Attentional modulation of adaptation to two-component transparent motion , 1995, Vision Research.