The Relationship between Timing of Tipping and Service Effort

Previous research indicates that the relationship between the tip and service quality is still not clear. There are doubts that the timing of tipping influences service effort and affects the service quality further. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the timing of the tip and the service effort expended. After making a survey of 236 tour leaders, the present study found that the timing of tipping correlated with the service providers' effort and perceptions. The earlier the service providers received the tips, the more effort they made. In addition, the present study also provides some suggestions for managerial practice and for further research.

[1]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  The nature and determinants of customer expectations of service , 1993 .

[2]  L. Crespi The Implications of Tipping in America , 1947 .

[3]  V. Vroom Work and motivation , 1964 .

[4]  Jason P. Kring,et al.  Restaurant Servers Influence Tipping Behavior , 1998 .

[5]  Prashant Bordia,et al.  Effect of Server's “Thank You” and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping1 , 1995 .

[6]  J. Skipper,et al.  Waitressing, Vulnerability, and Job Autonomy , 1980 .

[7]  Michael Lynn,et al.  Consumer Tipping: A Cross-Country Study , 1993 .

[8]  C. Wetzel,et al.  The Midas Touch , 1984 .

[9]  Michael Lynn,et al.  The Psychology of Restaurant Tipping , 1984 .

[10]  B. Shamir A note on tipping and employee perceptions and attitudes , 1983 .

[11]  Benjamin Schneider,et al.  Some Correlates of Experienced Job Stress: A Boundary Role Study , 1979 .

[12]  A. Bandura,et al.  Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation , 1986, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.

[13]  Michael Lynn,et al.  Restaurant tipping: an examination of three ‘rational’ explanations , 1990 .

[14]  S. Hunt,et al.  Social responsibility and personal success: Are they incompatible? , 1986 .

[15]  Lyman W. Porter,et al.  The Effect of Performance on Job Satisfaction , 1967 .

[16]  B. Shamir Between gratitude and gratuity an analysis of tipping , 1984 .

[17]  H. Lejeune Switching or gating? The attentional challenge in cognitive models of psychological time , 1998, Behavioural Processes.

[18]  Anat Rafaeli,et al.  When Cashiers Meet Customers: An Analysis of the Role of Supermarket Cashiers , 1989 .

[19]  Örn B. Bodvarsson,et al.  Gratuities and customer appraisal of service: Evidence from Minesota restaurants , 1994 .

[20]  B. Kotkov Motivation: Theory And Research , 1965 .

[21]  L. Shrum,et al.  Tipping As a Consumer Behavior: a Qualitative Investigation , 1990 .

[22]  P. Bordia,et al.  Effect on Restaurant Tipping of Male and Female Servers Drawing a Happy, Smiling Face on the Backs of Customers' Checks , 1996 .

[23]  Michael Lynn,et al.  Effect of Server Posture on Restaurant Tipping , 1993 .

[24]  E. A. Locke,et al.  Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980. , 1981 .

[25]  R. Zweigenhaft,et al.  The effect on tipping of a waitress touching male and female customers. , 1986 .

[26]  B. Skinner Contingencies Of Reinforcement , 1969 .

[27]  Mark R. Testa,et al.  Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Effort in the Service Environment , 2001, The Journal of psychology.

[28]  D. Hemenway Prices and Choices: Microeconomic Vignettes , 1977 .

[29]  M. Harris,et al.  Waiters, Customers, and Service: Some Tips About Tipping1 , 1995 .

[30]  Barton A. Weitz,et al.  Learning Orientation, Working Smart, and Effective Selling , 1994 .

[31]  G. W. Walster,et al.  New directions in equity research. , 1973 .

[32]  Robert J. Parish Service level agreements as a contributor to TQM goals , 1997 .

[33]  S. Murrmann,et al.  The effect of cultural orientation on the service timing preferences of customers in casual dining operations: An exploratory study , 1999 .

[34]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  The role of employee effort in satisfaction with service transactions , 1995 .

[35]  Örn B. Bodvarsson An economic approach to tips and service quality: Results of a survey , 1999 .

[36]  Michael Lynn,et al.  National Personality and Tipping Customs , 2000 .

[37]  R. Kanfer Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. , 1990 .

[38]  Mark Wilkinson,et al.  Manipulating Attributions for Profit: A Field Test of the Effects of Attributions on Behavior , 1985 .

[39]  J. M. May Tip or Treat: A Study of Factors Affecting Tipping Behavior , 1978 .

[40]  B. Shamir,et al.  Between Service and Servility: Role Conflict in Subordinate Service Roles , 1980 .

[41]  Bibb Latané,et al.  Diffusion of Responsibility and Restaurant Tipping: Cheaper by the Bunch , 1975 .

[42]  D. Ilgen,et al.  A Theory of Behavior in Organizations , 1980 .

[43]  Michael Lynn,et al.  Predictors of Male and Female Servers' Average Tip Earnings , 2000 .

[44]  S. Prentice-Dunn,et al.  Understanding Persistence: An Interface of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory , 1984 .

[45]  G. Veigh Pay and Organizational Effectiveness: A Psychological View , 1972 .

[46]  Michael Lynn,et al.  Restaurant tipping and service quality A tenuous relationship , 2001 .

[47]  Michael Lynn,et al.  Tipping: an Incentive/Reward for Service? , 1996 .

[48]  Harish Sujan,et al.  Smarter versus Harder: An Exploratory Attributional Analysis of Salespeople's Motivation , 1986 .

[49]  Arthur Money,et al.  Service Performance Gap: Re-evaluation and Redevelopment , 1999 .

[50]  Robert A. Peterson,et al.  The Effect of Effort on Sales Performance and Job Satisfaction , 1994 .

[51]  L. Porter,et al.  The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. , 1979 .

[52]  Hsieh Ym,et al.  Enhancement of Service Quality with Job Standardisation , 2001 .