phytools: an R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things)

Summary 1. Here, I present a new, multifunctional phylogenetics package, phytools, for the R statistical computing environment. 2. The focus of the package is on methods for phylogenetic comparative biology; however, it also includes tools for tree inference, phylogeny input/output, plotting, manipulation and several other tasks. 3. I describe and tabulate the major methods implemented in phytools, and in addition provide some demonstration of its use in the form of two illustrative examples. 4. Finally, I conclude by briefly describing an active web-log that I use to document present and future developments for phytools. I also note other web resources for phylogenetics in the R computational environment.

[1]  Jonathan P. Bollback,et al.  Stochastic mapping of morphological characters. , 2003, Systematic biology.

[2]  O. Bininda-Emonds,et al.  The evolution of supertrees. , 2004, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[3]  B. Baum Combining trees as a way of combining data sets for phylogenetic inference, and the desirability of combining gene trees , 1992 .

[4]  Klaus Peter Schliep,et al.  phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R , 2010, Bioinform..

[5]  Luke J. Harmon,et al.  GEIGER: investigating evolutionary radiations , 2008, Bioinform..

[6]  T. Garland,et al.  TESTING FOR PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL IN COMPARATIVE DATA: BEHAVIORAL TRAITS ARE MORE LABILE , 2003, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[7]  Christopher H. Jackson,et al.  Multi-State Models for Panel Data: The msm Package for R , 2011 .

[8]  Jonathan P. Bollback,et al.  SIMMAP: Stochastic character mapping of discrete traits on phylogenies , 2006, BMC Bioinformatics.

[9]  M. Ragan Phylogenetic inference based on matrix representation of trees. , 1992, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[10]  Gábor Csárdi,et al.  The igraph software package for complex network research , 2006 .

[11]  Michael J. Sanderson,et al.  TESTING FOR DIFFERENT RATES OF CONTINUOUS TRAIT EVOLUTION USING LIKELIHOOD , 2006, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[12]  Liam J. Revell,et al.  Size-Correction and Principal Components for Interspecific Comparative Studies , 2009, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[13]  J. Losos,et al.  Seeing the Forest for the Trees: The Limitations of Phylogenies in Comparative Biology , 2011, The American Naturalist.

[14]  L. Revell,et al.  Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolutionary Correlation Using Likelihood , 2009, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[15]  Oliver G. Pybus,et al.  Testing macro–evolutionary models using incomplete molecular phylogenies , 2000, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[16]  C. Nunn,et al.  Sexual dimorphism in primate aerobic capacity: a phylogenetic test , 2010, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[17]  M. Pagel,et al.  Phylogenetic Analysis and Comparative Data: A Test and Review of Evidence , 2002, The American Naturalist.

[18]  B. Sidlauskas Continuous and Arrested Morphological Diversification in Sister Clades of Characiform Fishes: A Phylomorphospace Approach , 2008, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[19]  L. Revell On the Analysis of Evolutionary Change along Single Branches in a Phylogeny , 2008, The American Naturalist.

[20]  B. Redelings,et al.  A NEW PHYLOGENETIC METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING EXCEPTIONAL PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION , 2012, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[21]  Declan Butler,et al.  Electronic notebooks: A new leaf , 2005, Nature.

[22]  Rasmus Nielsen,et al.  Mapping mutations on phylogenies , 2005 .

[23]  J. Felsenstein Phylogenies and the Comparative Method , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[24]  J. Losos,et al.  ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY AND THE RATE OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLES , 2010, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[25]  L. Cavalli-Sforza,et al.  PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS: MODELS AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURES , 1967, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[26]  M. Plummer,et al.  CODA: convergence diagnosis and output analysis for MCMC , 2006 .

[27]  Liam J Revell,et al.  PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY CORRELATION USING LIKELIHOOD , 2009, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[28]  Jonathan B. Losos,et al.  Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles , 2009 .

[29]  D. Penny The comparative method in evolutionary biology , 1992 .

[30]  M. Pagel,et al.  The comparative method in evolutionary biology , 1991 .

[31]  Cameron Neylon,et al.  Collaboration Using Open Notebook Science in Academia , 2011 .

[32]  T. Garland,et al.  Within-species variation and measurement error in phylogenetic comparative methods. , 2007, Systematic biology.

[33]  Liam J. Revell,et al.  PCCA: a program for phylogenetic canonical correlation analysis , 2008, Bioinform..

[34]  L. Revell,et al.  Phylogenetic signal, evolutionary process, and rate. , 2008, Systematic biology.

[35]  Korbinian Strimmer,et al.  APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language , 2004, Bioinform..

[36]  Liam J. Revell,et al.  Phylogenetic signal and linear regression on species data , 2010 .

[37]  Barbara R. Holland,et al.  Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R , 2007 .

[38]  Theodore Garland,et al.  Phylogenetic Analysis of Covariance by Computer Simulation , 1993 .

[39]  M. Pagel Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution , 1999, Nature.