A Novel Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Hierarchically Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), gathering sensed information, transforming the information data to the base station in an energy efficient manner, and lengthening the network lifetime are important issues. Clustering is an energy efficient way that divides sensor nodes into many clusters, each of which has a cluster-head. The routing from cluster-head sensor nodes to the base station, however, has not been well studied. In this paper, we study the routing problems for WSNs. Specifically, we propose a novel energy efficient cluster-based routing algorithm for hierarchical WSNs, in which we hierarchicalize sensor nodes into different levels using the hop number of transmissions to the base station. Cluster-head sensor nodes are selected autonomously and transmit data to the base station using multi-hop transmissions, whereas non-cluster-head sensor nodes communicate with cluster-head sensor nodes directly. We have conducted comprehensive simulation experiments for the performance evaluation. The simulation results show that, for large scale WSNs, our proposed algorithm performs better in terms of network lifetime. Moreover, the algorithm mitigates the effect of self-induced black hole and balance the energy usage in the network by employing alternative sensor nodes.

[1]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems , 2002, Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[2]  Kay Römer,et al.  The design space of wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[3]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[4]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  Energy-aware routing in cluster-based sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems.

[5]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[6]  Sanjay Jha,et al.  The holes problem in wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2005, MOCO.

[7]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  Avoiding Energy Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonuniform Node Distribution , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[8]  Cristina Cano,et al.  Multihop cluster-based architecture for sparse wireless sensor networks , 2008, 2008 14th European Wireless Conference.

[9]  Jian Li,et al.  Analytical modeling and mitigation techniques for the energy hole problem in sensor networks , 2007, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[10]  Anfeng Liu,et al.  Energy-Hole Avoidance Routing Algorithm for WSN , 2008, 2008 Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation.

[11]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[12]  Makoto Takizawa,et al.  A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 13th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems.

[13]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences- 2000 Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks , 2022 .

[14]  Lian Zhao,et al.  A hierarchical clustering-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks supporting multiple data aggregation qualities , 2008, Int. J. Sens. Networks.