eterotrimeric G-protein α

., 1990) that serve to transduce and amplify the signals,which are initially perceived by integral plasma membranereceptor proteins (Im, 2001).            ˘     ˇˆ˙  ˝ ˛ ˙  ˚ ˜˙ ˙  !"˙ #$˝ %#"&  %#" ’#" ’( )˘*  *˘  ˝  ˜ ˝ ˇ+,ˇ+, γ-.,ˆ  /   ˝  terotrimeric Gα subunit homologues ˙      !& #& #,  0#1  2#   2(     Gβsubunit homologues˜˙ !/ ’#" 0#/ ˚˘ 3(˘   -  ˙ ! 1   ˙˝ 4 54&ˆ˙ ˆ˙ ˙  ˝ ˝ ( ˚˘ ˝   ˇˆ˙  +  *  *   !$ ’#6  ’#& 3#,˚ %( 7 ˙ *   ˘ ˝˝   ˇˆ˙  ˙   ˝    Furthermore, even though little progress has been made inidentifying the receptors and effectors that activate or respondto heterotrimeric G-proteins, possible candidates for cytosoliceffectors that are involved in signal transduction in plants havebeen proposed. However, they have not been fullycharacterized. For example, in the case of cultured-soybeancells using the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of an antibodyagainst G-protein, the mastoparan and A subunit of choleratoxin, Legendre

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