Transcription factors as targets for cancer therapy

A limited list of transcription factors are overactive in most human cancer cells, which makes them targets for the development of anticancer drugs. That they are the most direct and hopeful targets for treating cancer is proposed, and this is supported by the fact that there are many more human oncogenes in signalling pathways than there are oncogenic transcription factors. But how could specific transcription-factor activity be inhibited?

[1]  David Baltimore,et al.  Inducibility of κ immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-κB by a posttranslational mechanism , 1986, Cell.

[2]  D. Baltimore,et al.  Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. , 1986, Cell.

[3]  H. Varmus.  Oncogenes and transcriptional control. , 1987, Science.

[4]  R. Doolittle,et al.  Homology between the DNA-binding domain of the GCN4 regulatory protein of yeast and the carboxyl-terminal region of a protein coded for by the oncogene jun. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  J. Sklar,et al.  TAN-1, the human homolog of the Drosophila Notch gene, is broken by chromosomal translocations in T lymphoblastic neoplasms , 1991, Cell.

[6]  P. Vogt,et al.  A rearranged junD transforms chicken embryo fibroblasts. , 1992, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[7]  M. Karin,et al.  JNK1: A protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain , 1994, Cell.

[8]  T. Maniatis,et al.  Virus induction of human IFNβ gene expression requires the assembly of an enhanceosome , 1995, Cell.

[9]  R. Jove,et al.  Enhanced DNA-binding activity of a Stat3-related protein in cells transformed by the Src oncoprotein. , 1995, Science.

[10]  Dwight C. Look,et al.  Stat1 Depends on Transcriptional Synergy with Sp1 (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[11]  Christel Brou,et al.  Signalling downstream of activated mammalian Notch , 1995, Nature.

[12]  P. Shaw,et al.  Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by stress-activated protein kinases , 1995, Current Biology.

[13]  D. Denhardt.  Oncogene-initiated aberrant signaling engenders the metastatic phenotype: synergistic transcription factor interactions are targets for cancer therapy. , 1996, Critical reviews in oncogenesis.

[14]  D. Goeddel,et al.  The tumor necrosis factor-inducible zinc finger protein A20 interacts with TRAF1/TRAF2 and inhibits NF-kappaB activation. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  M. Castellazzi,et al.  Stepwise transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts: c-Jun, JunB, or JunD can cooperate with Ras for focus formation, but a c-Jun-containing heterodimer is required for immortalization , 1996, Molecular and cellular biology.

[16]  J. Darnell.  STATs and gene regulation. , 1997, Science.

[17]  S. Artavanis-Tsakonas,et al.  Neoplastic transformation by truncated alleles of human NOTCH1/TAN1 and NOTCH2 , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[18]  R Berger,et al.  A TEL-JAK2 fusion protein with constitutive kinase activity in human leukemia. , 1997, Science.

[19]  Alain Israë.  Signal transduction: IκB kinase all zipped up , 1997, Nature.

[20]  M. Scott,et al.  Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants. , 1997, Science.

[21]  D. Gallahan,et al.  The mouse mammary tumor associated gene INT3 is a unique member of the NOTCH gene family (NOTCH4) , 1997, Oncogene.

[22]  Hans Clevers,et al.  Armadillo Coactivates Transcription Driven by the Product of the Drosophila Segment Polarity Gene dTCF , 1997, Cell.

[23]  D. Goldfarb,et al.  Evolutionary specialization of the nuclear targeting apparatus. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  G. Stark,et al.  How cells respond to interferons. , 1998, Annual review of biochemistry.

[25]  P. Ingham,et al.  Transducing Hedgehog: the story so far , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[26]  M. Wolter,et al.  Missense mutations in SMOH in sporadic basal cell carcinomas of the skin and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. , 1998, Cancer research.

[27]  L. Wojnowski,et al.  Rhabdomyosarcomas and radiation hypersensitivity in a mouse model of Gorlin syndrome , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[28]  P. Barnes,et al.  Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. , 1998, Clinical science.

[29]  S. Artavanis-Tsakonas,et al.  Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. , 1999, Science.

[30]  B. Rayet,et al.  Aberrant rel/nfkb genes and activity in human cancer , 1999, Oncogene.

[31]  J. Darnell,et al.  Interacting Regions in Stat3 and c-Jun That Participate in Cooperative Transcriptional Activation , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[32]  Andrius Kazlauskas,et al.  Diverse Signaling Pathways Activated by Growth Factor Receptors Induce Broadly Overlapping, Rather Than Independent, Sets of Genes , 1999, Cell.

[33]  E. Prochownik,et al.  MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease , 1999, Oncogene.

[34]  P. S. Kim,et al.  Inhibiting HIV-1 Entry Discovery of D-Peptide Inhibitors that Target the gp41 Coiled-Coil Pocket , 1999, Cell.

[35]  S. Akira,et al.  Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. , 1999, Immunity.

[36]  A. Ruiz i Altaba,et al.  Gli proteins and Hedgehog signaling: development and cancer. , 1999, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[37]  A. R. I. Altaba.  Gli proteins and Hedgehog signaling: development and cancer. , 1999 .

[38]  A. Shaywitz,et al.  CREB: a stimulus-induced transcription factor activated by a diverse array of extracellular signals. , 1999, Annual review of biochemistry.

[39]  J. Turkson,et al.  Constitutive activation of Stat3 signaling confers resistance to apoptosis in human U266 myeloma cells. , 1999, Immunity.

[40]  J. Darnell,et al.  Stat3 as an Oncogene , 1999, Cell.

[41]  J E Darnell,et al.  A nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase is required for the inactivation of Stat1. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  D. Hilton,et al.  Negative regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway , 1999, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[43]  J. Grandis,et al.  STAT signaling in head and neck cancer , 2000, Oncogene.

[44]  R. Berger,et al.  Transforming properties of chimeric TEL-JAK proteins in Ba/F3 cells. , 2000, Blood.

[45]  J. Russo,et al.  Activation of NF-kappaB/Rel occurs early during neoplastic transformation of mammary cells. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[46]  K. Shuai,et al.  Modulation of STAT signaling by STAT-interacting proteins , 2000, Oncogene.

[47]  Y. Liaw,et al.  Constitutive activation of nuclear factor κB in hepatocellular carcinoma , 2000 .

[48]  R. Roeder,et al.  Transcriptional regulation through Mediator-like coactivators in yeast and metazoan cells. , 2000, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[49]  Philip A Beachy,et al.  Hedgehog-Regulated Processing of Gli3 Produces an Anterior/Posterior Repressor Gradient in the Developing Vertebrate Limb , 2000, Cell.

[50]  B. Groner,et al.  Regulation of the trans-activation potential of STAT5 through its DNA-binding activity and interactions with heterologous transcription factors. , 2000, Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society.

[51]  G. Weinmaster.  Notch signal transduction: a real rip and more. , 2000, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[52]  P. Leder,et al.  Ras pathway signals are required for notch-mediated oncogenesis , 2000, Oncogene.

[53]  N. Perkins.  The Rel/NF-κB family: friend and foe , 2000 .

[54]  J. Silvio Gutkind,et al.  Signaling Networks and Cell Cycle Control , 2000 .

[55]  Christian A. Rees,et al.  Molecular portraits of human breast tumours , 2000, Nature.

[56]  J. Gibbs.  Mechanism-based target identification and drug discovery in cancer research. , 2000, Science.

[57]  D. Hanahan,et al.  The Hallmarks of Cancer , 2000, Cell.

[58]  L. Miele,et al.  Notch signaling as a target in multimodality cancer therapy. , 2000, Current opinion in molecular therapeutics.

[59]  Roy Garcia,et al.  STATs in oncogenesis , 2000, Oncogene.

[60]  R. Eisenman,et al.  The Myc/Max/Mad network and the transcriptional control of cell behavior. , 2000, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[61]  Y. Liaw,et al.  Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappaB in hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2000, Cancer.

[62]  P. Polakis.  Wnt signaling and cancer. , 2000, Genes & development.

[63]  E. Fearon,et al.  gamma-catenin is regulated by the APC tumor suppressor and its oncogenic activity is distinct from that of beta-catenin. , 2000, Genes & development.

[64]  D. Kalderon.  Transducing the Hedgehog Signal , 2000, Cell.

[65]  H Clevers,et al.  Catenins, Wnt signaling and cancer. , 2000, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[66]  A. Hamilton,et al.  Peptide and protein recognition by designed molecules. , 2000, Chemical reviews.

[67]  Kathleen R. Cho,et al.  γ-Catenin is regulated by the APC tumor suppressor and its oncogenic activity is distinct from that of β-catenin , 2000, Genes & Development.

[68]  B. Groner,et al.  Cooperation Among Stat1, Glucocorticoid Receptor, and PU.1 in Transcriptional Activation of the High-Affinity Fcγ Receptor I in Monocytes1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.

[69]  A G Cochran,et al.  Antagonists of protein-protein interactions. , 2000, Chemistry & biology.

[70]  J. Darnell,et al.  Constitutively activated Stat3 protects fibroblasts from serum withdrawal and UV-induced apoptosis and antagonizes the proapoptotic effects of activated Stat1. , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[71]  F. McCormick,et al.  Replication-selective viruses for cancer therapy , 2002, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[72]  T. Hunter,et al.  Oncogenic kinase signalling , 2001, Nature.

[73]  J. Taipale,et al.  The Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in cancer , 2001, Nature.

[74]  Karine Hovanes,et al.  β-catenin–sensitive isoforms of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 are selectively expressed in colon cancer , 2001, Nature Genetics.

[75]  J. Nevins,et al.  The E2F1–3 transcription factors are essential for cellular proliferation , 2001, Nature.

[76]  D. Gilliland.  The diverse role of the ETS family of transcription factors in cancer. , 2001, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[77]  W. Tam,et al.  Cell-Specific Association and Shuttling of IκBα Provides a Mechanism for Nuclear NF-κB in B Lymphocytes , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[78]  F. McCormick,et al.  Cancer gene therapy: fringe or cutting edge? , 2001, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[79]  Hormones and cancer: new insights, new challenges , 2001, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[80]  E. Birney,et al.  Cancer and genomics , 2001, Nature.

[81]  S. Alkan,et al.  Characterization of NF-κB Expression in Hodgkin’s Disease: Inhibition of Constitutively Expressed NF-κB Results in Spontaneous Caspase-Independent Apoptosis in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg Cells , 2001, Modern Pathology.

[82]  F. Oswald,et al.  p300 Acts as a Transcriptional Coactivator for Mammalian Notch-1 , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[83]  J. Nesland,et al.  Ets-1 messenger RNA expression is a novel marker of poor survival in ovarian carcinoma. , 2001, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[84]  E. Brambilla,et al.  Distinct pattern of E2F1 expression in human lung tumours: E2F1 is upregulated in small cell lung carcinoma , 2001, Oncogene.

[85]  S. Fan,et al.  β‐catenin mutation and overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma , 2001 .

[86]  Robert L Davis,et al.  Vertebrate hairy and Enhancer of split related proteins: transcriptional repressors regulating cellular differentiation and embryonic patterning , 2001, Oncogene.

[87]  R. Eisenman,et al.  Deconstructing myc. , 2001, Genes & development.

[88]  J. Herman,et al.  SOCS-1, a negative regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway, is silenced by methylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma and shows growth-suppression activity , 2001, Nature Genetics.

[89]  S. Fan,et al.  beta-Catenin mutation and overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinicopathologic and prognostic significance. , 2001, Cancer.

[90]  J. Darnell,et al.  Constitutively activated Stat 3 protects fibroblasts from serum withdrawal and UV-induced apoptosis and antagonizes the proapoptotic effects of activated Stat 1 , 2001 .

[91]  S. Alkan,et al.  Analysis of expression of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) in multiple myeloma: downregulation of NF‐κB induces apoptosis , 2001 .

[92]  Hans van Dam,et al.  Distinct roles of Jun : Fos and Jun : ATF dimers in oncogenesis , 2001, Oncogene.

[93]  P. Vogt,et al.  Jun, the oncoprotein , 2001, Oncogene.

[94]  D. Kalderon,et al.  Proteolysis of the Hedgehog Signaling Effector Cubitus interruptus Requires Phosphorylation by Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 and Casein Kinase 1 , 2002, Cell.

[95]  J. Darnell,et al.  Signalling: STATs: transcriptional control and biological impact , 2002, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[96]  D. Green,et al.  A Matter of Life and Death , 2008, Science.

[97]  S. Sebti,et al.  Inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase as novel anticancer agents. , 2002, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry.

[98]  J. Bishop,et al.  Suppressor of Fused represses Gli-mediated transcription by recruiting the SAP18-mSin3 corepressor complex , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[99]  L. Staudt,et al.  The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[100]  David S. Parker,et al.  Pygopus, a nuclear PHD-finger protein required for Wingless signaling in Drosophila. , 2002, Development.

[101]  A. Hamilton,et al.  Modulation of protein–protein interactions by synthetic receptors: Design of molecules that disrupt serine protease–proteinaceous inhibitor interaction , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[102]  A. Brivanlou,et al.  Signal Transduction and the Control of Gene Expression , 2002, Science.

[103]  D. Botstein,et al.  Gene expression patterns in human liver cancers. , 2002, Molecular biology of the cell.

[104]  Alison Abbott,et al.  Cancer research: On the offensive , 2002, Nature.

[105]  L. Staudt,et al.  Molecular diagnosis of lymphoid malignancies by gene expression profiling. , 2002, Current opinion in hematology.

[106]  D. Boger,et al.  Small-molecule antagonists of Myc/Max dimerization inhibit Myc-induced transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[107]  Sandipan Chatterjee,et al.  Wnt/wingless Signaling Requires Bcl9/legless-mediated Recruitment of Pygopus to the Nuclear Beta-catenin-tcf Complex , 2022 .

[108]  A nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase TC-PTP is a potential negative regulator of the PRL-mediated signaling pathway: dephosphorylation and deactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a and 5b by TC-PTP in nucleus. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[109]  Qian Zhang,et al.  Multilevel Dysregulation of STAT3 Activation in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive T/Null-Cell Lymphoma1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[110]  Kevin M. McBride,et al.  Regulated nuclear import of the STAT1 transcription factor by direct binding of importin‐α , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[111]  Mariann Bienz,et al.  A new nuclear component of the Wnt signalling pathway , 2002, Nature Cell Biology.