Electrochromic Tungsten-Oxide–Based Thin Films: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology

[1]  Hideki Matsuoka,et al.  Mechanism of electrochromism for amorphous WO3 thin films , 1991 .

[2]  K. Colbow,et al.  Spray deposition and properties of electrochromic tungsten oxide films , 1986 .

[3]  K. Kuwabara,et al.  Electrochromic displays with transition-metal oxide as counterelectrode , 1987 .

[4]  I. Chang,et al.  Electrochemichromic Systems for Display Applications , 1975 .

[5]  K. Bange,et al.  Comparison of tungsten and nickel oxideelectrochromism in single films and in all-solid-state devices , 1990 .

[6]  V. Wittwer,et al.  Dependence of WO 3 Electrochromic Absorption on Crystallinity , 1977 .

[7]  J. R. Stevens,et al.  Electrochromic Li(x)WO(3)/poymer laminate/Li(y)V(2)O(5) device: toward an all-solid-state smart window. , 1989, Applied optics.

[8]  C. M. Lampert,et al.  Large-area chromogenics: Materials and devices for transmittance control. Volume IS 4 , 1990 .

[9]  J. R. Stevens,et al.  Transparent and adhesive polymer electrolyte for smart windows : synthesis, characterization and ionic conductivity measurements , 1992 .

[10]  E. Inoue,et al.  Deposited Cr2O3 as a Barrier in a Solid State WO3 Electrochromic Cell , 1977 .

[11]  H. Weakliem,et al.  Thin Film Tungsten Oxide Electrochromic Displays , 1988 .

[12]  Gunnar A. Niklasson,et al.  Noble‐metal‐based transparent infrared reflectors: Experiments and theoretical analyses for very thin gold films , 1986 .

[13]  G. Bajārs,et al.  Modelling of the Solid State Electrochromic System WO3/HSbO3 · 2 H2O/Ni(OH) 2 , 1984 .

[14]  S. K. Mohapatra,et al.  Electrochromism in Li x WO 3 , 1978 .

[15]  E. Salje Lattice dynamics of WO3 , 1975 .

[16]  S. Wagner,et al.  Application of Solid Proton Conductors to WO 3 Electrochromic Displays , 1979 .

[17]  A. Deneuville,et al.  Characterization of a-“WO3” thin films before and after colouration☆ , 1980 .

[18]  Norman Herron,et al.  Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters: materials synthesis, quantum size effects, and photophysical properties , 1991 .

[19]  H Han Haitjema,et al.  The optical, electrical and structural properties of fluorine-doped, pyrolytically sprayed tindioxide coatings , 1989 .

[20]  Y. Hayashi,et al.  The Structural Changes of Indium-Tin Oxide and a-WO3 Films by Introducing Water to the Deposition Processes , 1991 .

[21]  Shoji Yamada,et al.  Preparation and aging of sputtered tungstic oxide films , 1987 .

[22]  R. Huggins,et al.  New electrochromic material based on the electrochemical insertion of lithium into bleached potassium hexatungstate , 1985 .

[23]  N. Sato,et al.  Change of the anodic oxide films of tungsten during the electrochromic reaction , 1990 .

[24]  J. Kleperis,et al.  Influence of ordering of structure on the optical properties of WO3 thin film , 1985 .

[25]  F. Babonneau,et al.  Anisotropic WO3·nH2O layers deposited from gels , 1987 .

[26]  B. Scrosati,et al.  An Electrochromic Window Based on Li x WO 3 / ( PEO ) 8LiClO4 / NiO , 1989 .

[27]  A. Donnadieu,et al.  Etude des propriétés optiques et de la structure de couches minces électrochromes de WO3 préparées par CVD , 1988 .

[28]  Tetsuzo Yoshimura,et al.  Oscillator strength of small‐polaron absorption in WOx (x≤3) electrochromic thin films , 1985 .

[29]  T. Oi,et al.  Electrochromism of WO3/LiAlF4/LiIn thin‐film overlayers , 1982 .

[30]  B. Scrosati,et al.  The Intercalation of Lithium in Nickel Oxide and Its Electrochromic Properties , 1990 .

[31]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Materials science for solar energy conversion systems , 1991 .

[32]  Mino Green,et al.  A solid state electrochromic cell — the RbAg4I5/WO3 system , 1974 .

[33]  M. Carpenter,et al.  A tungsten-trioxide/prussian blue complementary electrochromic cell with a polymer electrolyte , 1991 .

[34]  Mino Green,et al.  A thin film electrochromic display based on the tungsten bronzes , 1976 .

[35]  Mino Green Atom motion in tungsten bronze thin films , 1978 .

[36]  S. Tanase,et al.  An electrochromic cell using a solid proton conductor , 1980 .

[37]  G. Harding High rate D.C. reactively sputtered metal-oxy-fluorine dielectric materials , 1986 .

[38]  J. Svensson,et al.  Modulated transmittance and reflectance in crystalline electrochromic WO3 films: Theoretical limits , 1984 .

[39]  M. Armand,et al.  Voltammetric and potentiostatic studies of the interface WO3/polyethylene oxide-H3PO4 , 1988 .

[40]  A. Bard,et al.  The Electrochromic Process at WO3 Electrodes Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation and Anodic Oxidation of W , 1979 .

[41]  Nobuyuki Yoshiike,et al.  Electrochemical Properties of WO 3 · x ( H 2 O ) I . The Influences of Water Adsorption and Hydroxylation , 1983 .

[42]  J. Gittleman,et al.  Electrochromism in the composite material Au‐WO3 , 1977 .

[43]  Richard S. Crandall,et al.  Measurement of the diffusion coefficient of electrons in WO3 films , 1975 .

[44]  M. Shiojiri,et al.  Electron Microscopic Studies of Structure and Crystallization of Amorphous Metal Oxide Films , 1979 .

[45]  V. Wittwer,et al.  Disorder dependence and optical detection of the Anderson transition in amorphous HxWO3 bronzes , 1978 .

[46]  A. Kulak,et al.  Electrochemical and Rutherford backscattering study of thermally crystallized tungsten trioxide anodic films , 1991 .

[47]  R. Huggins,et al.  Rapid anisotropic diffusion of lithium in electrochromic thin films based on the hexagonal tungsten bronze structure , 1985 .

[48]  K. Colbow,et al.  Hydrogen and lithium intercalation in Csx WO3 , 1991 .

[49]  S. Cogan,et al.  Solar modulation in a-WO3/a-IrO2 and c-KxWO3+(x/2)/a-IrO2 complementary electrochromic windows , 1987 .

[50]  B. Kazan,et al.  Advances in image pickup and display , 1974 .

[51]  B. Scrosati,et al.  Solid‐State Thermoelectrochromic Display , 1987 .

[52]  C. Barbero,et al.  PROBE BEAM DEFLECTION INVESTIGATION OF THE CHARGE STORAGE REACTION IN ANODIC IRIDIUM AND TUNGSTEN OXIDE FILMS , 1990 .

[53]  Junichi Nagai,et al.  Electrochromic devices for transmissive and reflective light control , 1987 .

[54]  K. Miyake,et al.  Physical and electrochromic properties of the amorphous and crystalline tungsten oxide thick films prepared under reducing atmosphere , 1984 .

[55]  G. Barna Material and device properties of a solid state electrochromic display , 1979 .

[56]  K. Kuwabara,et al.  All-solid-state electrochromic device. 1. Electrophoretic deposition film of proton conductive solid electrolyte , 1991 .

[57]  R. Crandall,et al.  Theory and measurement of the change in chemical potential of hydrogen in amorphous HxWO3 as a function of the stoichiometric parameter x , 1976 .

[58]  R. Torresi,et al.  Electrochromism of WO3 in acid solutions : an electrochemical, optical and electrogravimetric study , 1991 .

[59]  K. Colbow,et al.  Optical properties of pyrolytic spray deposited electrochromic tungsten trioxide films , 1991 .

[60]  M. Inghram,et al.  Polymeric Gaseous Species in the Sublimation of Tungsten Trioxide , 1957 .

[61]  Ronald B. Goldner,et al.  Thin film solid state ionic materials for electrochromic smart windowTM glass , 1988 .

[62]  J. Diehl,et al.  Structural study of surface tungstate in WO3Al2O3: Effects of Hydration and 18O Exchange† , 1984 .

[63]  I. Yasui,et al.  Structural study of amorphous WO_3 thin films prepared by the ion exchange method , 1991 .

[64]  J. Chazalviel,et al.  Electronic structure of tetragonal tungsten bronzes and electrochromic oxides , 1977 .

[65]  G. Seward,et al.  Further evidence for free electrons as dominating the behavior of electrochromic polycrystalline WO3 films , 1985 .

[66]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromism and smart window design , 1992 .

[67]  I. Yasui,et al.  X-ray diffraction study of microstructure of amorphous tungsten trioxide films prepared by electron beam vacuum evaporation , 1989 .

[68]  J. Kleperis,et al.  Electro-optic spectroscopy of electrochromic processes in tungsten trioxide , 1984 .

[69]  J. Randin,et al.  Proton Diffusion in Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films , 1982 .

[70]  P. Falaras,et al.  WO3 anodic films in organic medium for electrochromic display devices , 1989 .

[71]  N. Baba,et al.  Electrolytic synthesis and properties of potassium oxalatotungstate (V) , 1982 .

[72]  Koichi Toyoda,et al.  Electrochromic Absorption Spectra of MocW1-cO3 Films , 1985 .

[73]  K. Colbow,et al.  Electrochromic properties of cesium tungstate with pyrochlore structure , 1991 .

[74]  K. Bange,et al.  Concentration profiles of hydrogen in technical oxidic thin films and multilayer systems , 1989 .

[75]  P. Dickens,et al.  The tungsten bronzes and related compounds , 1968 .

[76]  A. Agrawal,et al.  Effect of heat treatment on the structure, composition and electrochromic properties of evaporated tungsten oxide films: I , 1989 .

[77]  J. Randin Ion‐Containing Polymers as Semisolid Electrolytes in WO 3 ‐ Based Electrochromic Devices , 1982 .

[78]  K. Kodaira,et al.  Preparation of transparent amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films by a dip-coating method , 1986 .

[79]  C. Lampert,et al.  Electrochromic materials and devices for energy-efficient windows. [161 references] , 1984 .

[80]  N. Sato,et al.  IR reflection and raman spectroscopies of the anodic oxide films on tungsten , 1987 .

[81]  V. Kessler,et al.  Hydrolysis of molybdenum and tungsten alkoxides: sols, powders and films , 1990 .

[82]  Yoshiyuki Sato,et al.  Improvement in Open-Circuit Memory, Current Efficiency and Response Speed of an Amorphous WO3 Solid-State Electrochromic Device , 1982 .

[83]  N. Yoskiike,et al.  Electrochemical Properties of WO 3 · x ( H 2 O ) : III . Complex Plane Analysis of the Film on , 1984 .

[84]  Liquan Chen,et al.  Lithium diffusion in WO3 films , 1988 .

[85]  K. Miyake,et al.  Preparation and properties of the dc reactively sputtered tungsten oxide films , 1982 .

[86]  B. Desbat,et al.  Infrared and Raman spectroscopies of rf sputtered tungsten oxide films , 1988 .

[87]  Masaki Watanabe,et al.  Electrochromism in a Thin-Film Device Using Li2WO4 as an Li-Electrolyte , 1983 .

[88]  M. Stanley Whittingham,et al.  Lithium incorporation in tungsten oxides , 1980 .

[89]  Masaki Watanabe,et al.  The Effect of Repeated Operation on Electrochromism in an All-Solid-State Device Using Li-Doped MgF2 Thin-Film Electrolyte , 1983 .

[90]  H. Zeller,et al.  Electrochromism and local order in amorphous WO3 , 1977 .

[91]  M. Fujita,et al.  Solid-state electrochromic devices composed of Prussian blue, WO/sub 3/, and poly(ethylene oxide)-polysiloxane hybrid-type ionic conducting membrane , 1988 .

[92]  J. R. Stevens,et al.  Electrochromism of WO(3)-based films in contact with a solid Li-doped siloxane elastomer electrolyte. , 1987, Applied optics.

[93]  Jānis Kleperis,et al.  Electrochromic colour centres in amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films , 1984 .

[94]  J. Thornton High Rate Thick Film Growth , 1977 .

[95]  A. Deneuville,et al.  Principles and operation of an all solid state electrochromic display based on a-“WO3” , 1980 .

[96]  C. Sunseri,et al.  Anodic oxide films on tungsten—I. The influence of anodizing parameters on charging curves and film composition , 1980 .

[97]  Ronald B. Goldner,et al.  Near‐infrared reflectance modulation with electrochromic crystalline WO3 films deposited on ambient temperature glass substrates by an oxygen ion‐assisted technique , 1990 .

[98]  I. Hamberg,et al.  Evaporated Sn‐doped In2O3 films: Basic optical properties and applications to energy‐efficient windows , 1986 .

[99]  K. Ho,et al.  The Influence of Terminal Effect on the Performance of Electrochromic Windows , 1990 .

[100]  K. Colbow,et al.  The electrochromic properties and mechanism of H3WO3 and LixWO3 , 1990 .

[101]  H. Kokado,et al.  Electrochromic Display Device Based on Amorphous WO3 and Solid Proton Conductor , 1981 .

[102]  S. A. Agnihotry,et al.  Electrical properties and morphology of obliquely deposited electrochromic WO3 films , 1986 .

[103]  K. Kawakami,et al.  Performance of a-WO3/LiClO4-PC electrochromic displays , 1985 .

[104]  O. Bohnké,et al.  Electrochemical lithium incorporation into WO3 and MoO3 thin films , 1982 .

[105]  Klaus Bange,et al.  Optical absorption of amorphous WO3 and binding state of tungsten , 1990 .

[106]  Toshio Ikeda,et al.  A New Inorganic Electron Resist Using Amorphous WO3 Film , 1981 .

[107]  N. Koshida,et al.  Ion-Beam Modification of Amorphous WO3 Film and Its Properties as a High-Contrast Inorganic Ion Resist , 1985 .

[108]  Russell Messier,et al.  Toward quantification of thin film morphology , 1986 .

[109]  J. Randin Chemical and electrochemical stability of WO3 electrochromic films in liquid electrolytes , 1978 .

[110]  Ronald B. Goldner,et al.  Completely solid lithiated smart windows , 1989 .

[111]  H. Morita,et al.  Electrochromism of Atmospheric Evaporated Tungsten Oxide Films (AETOF) , 1984 .

[112]  F. Wooten,et al.  Optical Properties of Solids , 1972 .

[113]  L. Dao,et al.  Poly ( N ‐ Benzylaniline ) / ( Poly ( AMPS ) / WO 3 Solid‐State Electrochromic Cell , 1989 .

[114]  Robert A. Huggins,et al.  Application of A-C Techniques to the Study of Lithium Diffusion in Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films , 1980 .

[115]  M. Figlarz New oxides in the WO3-MoO3 system , 1989 .

[116]  K. Machida,et al.  Structural and Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten and Molybdenum Trioxide Electrodes in Acidic Media , 1990 .

[117]  M. Aegerter,et al.  Electrochromic Window with Lithium Conductive Polymer Electrolyte , 1991 .

[118]  H. Tada,et al.  Electrochromic windows using a solid polymer electrolyte , 1987 .

[119]  I. Shimizu,et al.  Solid‐state electrochromic device consisting of amorphous WO3 and Cr2O3 , 1979 .

[120]  R. Messier,et al.  Physical Structure and the Electrochromic effect in Tungsten Oxide Films , 1983 .

[121]  EXAFS studies of MeO3−x (Me = W, Mo, Re, Ir) crystalline and amorphous oxides , 1991 .

[122]  G. Zydzik,et al.  Efficiency and humidity dependence of WO3‐insulator electrochromic display structures , 1979 .

[123]  Johannes Svensson,et al.  Electrochromic coatings for Smart windows , 1985 .

[124]  E. Gerlach REVIEW ARTICLE: Carrier scattering and transport in semiconductors treated by the energy-loss method , 1986 .

[125]  P. Judeinstein,et al.  An “all gel” electrochromic device , 1988 .

[126]  D. Davazoglou,et al.  Study on the optical and electrochromic properties of polycrystalline WO3 thin films prepared by CVD , 1988 .

[127]  E. Banks,et al.  The Sodium Tungsten Bronzes1,2 , 1954 .

[128]  Shoji Yamada,et al.  Electrochromic properties of rf‐sputtered tungstic oxide film prepared from a W metal target , 1989 .

[129]  S. K. Deb,et al.  A novel electrophotographic system. , 1969, Applied optics.

[130]  M. Rothschild,et al.  Excimer‐laser‐induced sub‐0.5‐μm patterning of WO3 thin films , 1991 .

[131]  B. Dumont,et al.  Chimie douce and phase transitions , 1991 .

[132]  F. Urbach The Long-Wavelength Edge of Photographic Sensitivity and of the Electronic Absorption of Solids , 1953 .

[133]  S. Cogan,et al.  Electrochromic solar attenuation in crystalline and amorphous LixWO3 , 1986 .

[134]  H. Morita Coloration and Decoloration in Atmospheric-Evaporated Tungsten-Oxide Films (AETOF) Utilizing Lithium Ions , 1985 .

[135]  W. C. Dautremont-Smith Transition metal oxide electrochromic materials and displays: a review: Part 1: oxides with cathodic coloration , 1982 .

[136]  A. Deneuville,et al.  Influence of substoichiometry, hydrogen content and crystallinity on the optical and electrical properties of HxWOy thin films , 1978 .

[137]  T. Kudo,et al.  Peroxotungstic Acid Coated Films for Electrochromic Display Devices , 1986 .

[138]  R. Colton,et al.  Electrochromism in some thin‐film transition‐metal oxides characterized by x‐ray electron spectroscopy , 1978 .

[139]  Concentration‐dependent diffusivity: Hydrogen percolation in WO3 , 1983 .

[140]  P. Childs,et al.  Fabrication of films of hydrogen uranyl phosphate tetrahydrate and their use as solid electrolytes in electrochromic displays , 1980 .

[141]  K. Yamanaka The Electrochemical Behavior of Anodically Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide Films and the Reliability of Transmittance Variable Cells , 1991 .

[142]  Masaki Watanabe,et al.  Electrolysis in Electrochromic Devices Consisting of WO3 and MgF2 Thin Films , 1982 .

[143]  P. Falaras,et al.  Electrochromism in anodic WO3 films I: Preparation and physicochemical properties of films in the virgin and coloured states , 1988 .