Granular Media: Between Fluid and Solid

Foreword 1. Introduction 2. Interactions at the grain level 3. The granular solid: statics and elasticity 4. The granular solid: plasticity 5. Granular gases 6. The granular liquid 7. Immersed granular media 8. Erosion and sediment transport 9. Geomorphology References Index.

[1]  P. Evesque,et al.  Modeling of stress distribution in granular piles: Comparison with centrifuge experiments. , 1999, Chaos.

[2]  C Goldenberg,et al.  Force chains, microelasticity, and macroelasticity. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[3]  J. Greenwood,et al.  Contact of nominally flat surfaces , 1966, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[4]  G. Debrégeas,et al.  Local stress relaxation and shear banding in a dry foam under shear. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[5]  Crucial role of sidewalls in granular surface flows: consequences for the rheology , 2005, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[6]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  A two-phase flow description of the initiation of underwater granular avalanches , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[7]  Pressure and motion of dry sand: translation of Hagen’s paper from 1852 , 2006, physics/0610201.

[8]  R. Jackson,et al.  The Dynamics of Fluidized Particles , 2000 .

[9]  R. Netz,et al.  Water slippage versus contact angle: a quasiuniversal relationship. , 2008, Physical Review Letters.

[10]  D. Wolf,et al.  Rheophysics of cohesive granular materials , 2006 .

[11]  Cristian F. Moukarzel Isostatic Phase Transition and Instability in Stiff Granular Materials , 1998 .

[12]  S. Tremaine,et al.  The velocity dispersion in Saturn's rings , 1978 .

[13]  K. Walton,et al.  The effective elastic moduli of a random packing of spheres , 1987 .

[14]  Thomas Reverse and intermediate segregation of large beads in dry granular media , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[15]  J. Vallance,et al.  Segregation induced instabilities of granular fronts. , 1999, Chaos.

[16]  Stéphane Douady,et al.  Relevant length scale of barchan dunes. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[17]  M. Louge,et al.  Inelastic microstructure in rapid granular flows of smooth disks , 1991 .

[18]  J. Pinton,et al.  Velocity measurement of a settling sphere , 2000 .

[19]  P. Szymczak,et al.  Drag force on a sphere moving towards a corrugated wall , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[20]  Paul D. Komar,et al.  Beach Processes and Sedimentation , 1976 .

[21]  D. Carruthers,et al.  Air flow and sand transport over sand-dunes , 1991 .

[22]  M. Worster,et al.  Interfacial premelting and the thermomolecular force: thermodynamic buoyancy. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[23]  Jacques Duran,et al.  Sables, poudres et grains , 1997 .

[24]  A. Shields,et al.  Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geschiebebewegung , 1936 .

[25]  Herbert E. Huppert,et al.  Long-runout rockfalls , 1998 .

[26]  J. Delour,et al.  Fingering in granular flows , 1997, Nature.

[27]  S. Savage,et al.  Stresses developed by dry cohesionless granular materials sheared in an annular shear cell , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[28]  Philippe Gondret,et al.  Bouncing motion of spherical particles in fluids , 2002 .

[29]  J. Roux,et al.  Frictionless bead packs have macroscopic friction, but no dilatancy. , 2008, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[30]  E. Achenbach,et al.  Vortex shedding from spheres , 1974, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[31]  V. Loreto,et al.  A "Tetris-Like" Model for the Compaction of Dry Granular Media , 1997, cond-mat/9705195.

[32]  Sidney R. Nagel,et al.  Geometric origin of excess low-frequency vibrational modes in weakly connected amorphous solids , 2004, cond-mat/0409687.

[33]  M. Worster,et al.  Interfacial Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force , 2001 .

[34]  M. L. Haro,et al.  The Enskog theory for multicomponent mixtures. I. Linear transport theory , 1983 .

[35]  G. Hill,et al.  Scaling vertical drag forces in granular media , 2005 .

[36]  C. Caroli,et al.  Solid friction from stick–slip down to pinning and aging , 2005, cond-mat/0506657.

[37]  E. Achenbach,et al.  Experiments on the flow past spheres at very high Reynolds numbers , 1972, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[38]  J. M. Ottino,et al.  Mixing and segregation of granular materials in chute flows. , 1999, Chaos.

[39]  A. Lemaître,et al.  Rate-dependent avalanche size in athermally sheared amorphous solids. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[40]  A. Colin,et al.  Kinetic theory of plastic flow in soft glassy materials. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[41]  Sangtae Kim,et al.  Microhydrodynamics: Principles and Selected Applications , 1991 .

[42]  Kenneth Pye,et al.  Aeolian sand and sand dunes , 1990 .

[43]  P. Mills,et al.  Apparent viscosity and particle pressure of a concentrated suspension of non-Brownian hard spheres near the jamming transition , 2009, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[44]  Ari-Matti Harri,et al.  Mars pathfinder: New data and new model simulations , 2004 .

[45]  K. Kesava Rao,et al.  Silo Music and Silo Quake: Granular Flow-Induced Vibration , 2003 .

[46]  S. Luding,et al.  Rheology of Two- and Three-dimensional Granular Mixtures Under Uniform Shear Flow: Enskog Kinetic Theory Versus Molecular Dynamics Simulations , 2006 .

[47]  R. Bagnold,et al.  The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes , 1941 .

[48]  Gioacchino Viggiani,et al.  X-ray microtomography for studying localized deformation in fine-grained geomaterials under triaxial compression , 2004 .

[49]  G. Williams SOME ASPECTS OF THE EOLIAN SALTATION LOAD , 1964 .

[50]  A. Einstein Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen , 1905 .

[51]  K. R. Eldredge,et al.  The mechanism of rolling friction. I. The plastic range , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[52]  J. Rice,et al.  Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid‐saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents , 1976 .

[53]  J. Jenkins Dense shearing flows of inelastic disks , 2006 .

[54]  Pierre-Gilles de Gennes,et al.  Surface flows of granular materials: a short introduction to some recent models , 2002 .

[55]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Submarine granular flows down inclined planes , 2005 .

[56]  Charles S. Campbell,et al.  Granular shear flows at the elastic limit , 2002, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[57]  Elisabeth Guazzelli,et al.  Lateral Forces on a Sphere , 2004 .

[58]  G. Seminara Fluvial Sedimentary Patterns , 2010 .

[59]  J. Jenkins,et al.  A theoretical analysis of free-surface flows of saturated granular–liquid mixtures , 2008, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[60]  J. Duran The physics of fine powders: plugging and surface instabilities , 2002 .

[61]  B. Dalloz-Dubrujeaud,et al.  Bidisperse granular avalanches on inclined planes: A rich variety of behaviors , 2007, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[62]  Martin van Hecke,et al.  Kinematics: Wide shear zones in granular bulk flow , 2003, Nature.

[63]  P. Claudin,et al.  Giant aeolian dune size determined by the average depth of the atmospheric boundary layer , 2009, Nature.

[64]  Strukturen im Sand Kollektives Verhalten und Selbstorganisation bei Granulaten , 2002 .

[65]  R. Luque Erosion And Transport Of Bed-Load Sediment , 1976 .

[66]  Rapid granular flows on a rough incline: phase diagram, gas transition, and effects of air drag. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[67]  E. Hinch,et al.  Raining into shallow water as a description of the collapse of a column of grains , 2005, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[68]  J M Huntley,et al.  Convection in highly fluidized three-dimensional granular beds. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[69]  J. Jenkins,et al.  A theory for the rapid flow of identical, smooth, nearly elastic, spherical particles , 1983, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[70]  D. Bideau,et al.  Radial Segregation in a 2d Drum: An Experimental Analysis , 1995 .

[71]  P. Mills,et al.  Mechanisms for acoustic absorption in dry and weakly wet granular media. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[72]  Young,et al.  Dynamics of a freely evolving, two-dimensional granular medium. , 1996, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[73]  Jeffrey F. Morris,et al.  Curvilinear flows of noncolloidal suspensions: The role of normal stresses , 1999 .

[74]  D. Rothman,et al.  Erosive dynamics of channels incised by subsurface water flow , 2007 .

[75]  Jean-Louis Briaud,et al.  Erosion function apparatus for scour rate predictions , 2001 .

[76]  D. Levine Axial segregation of granular materials. , 1999, Chaos.

[77]  G. Ovarlez,et al.  Local determination of the constitutive law of a dense suspension of noncolloidal particles through magnetic resonance imaging , 2005, cond-mat/0509336.

[78]  A. J. Raudkivi Transition from Ripples to Dunes , 2006 .

[79]  R. Kerswell,et al.  Axisymmetric granular collapse: a transient 3D flow test of viscoplasticity. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[80]  Ken Kamrin,et al.  Stochastic flow rule for granular materials. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[81]  Gas-driven subharmonic waves in a vibrated two-phase granular material , 2008, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[82]  M. Biot Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid. II. Higher Frequency Range , 1956 .

[83]  J. Pelletier Fractal behavior in space and time in a simplified model of fluvial landform evolution , 2007 .

[84]  Flow rule of dense granular flows down a rough incline. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[85]  P. Umbanhowar,et al.  Localized excitations in a vertically vibrated granular layer , 1996, Nature.

[86]  Menon,et al.  Velocity fluctuations in a homogeneous 2D granular gas in steady state , 2000, Physical review letters.

[87]  Thorsten Pöschel,et al.  The granular phase diagram , 1997 .

[88]  Hajime Tanaka,et al.  Violation of the incompressibility of liquid by simple shear flow , 2006, Nature.

[89]  Meakin,et al.  Three-dimensional model for particle-size segregation by shaking. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[90]  J M Huntley,et al.  Granular temperature profiles in three-dimensional vibrofluidized granular beds. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[91]  J. Hunt,et al.  Turbulent wind flow over a low hill , 1975 .

[92]  Norihiro Izumi,et al.  Purely erosional cyclic and solitary steps created by flow over a cohesive bed , 2000, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[93]  J. Jenkins,et al.  Boundary conditions for plane flows of smooth, nearly elastic, circular disks , 1986, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[94]  K. Kendall,et al.  Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids , 1971, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[95]  D. Jeffrey,et al.  Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[96]  P. Saffman The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow , 1965, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[97]  Formation of aeolian ripples and sand sorting. , 2008, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[98]  P. Umbanhowar,et al.  Hexagons, kinks, and disorder in oscillated granular layers. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[99]  S. Savage,et al.  The Mechanics of Rapid Granular Flows , 1984 .

[100]  A. Schofield,et al.  Critical State Soil Mechanics , 1968 .

[101]  O. Phillips The dynamics of the upper ocean , 1966 .

[102]  P. Claudin,et al.  Aeolian sand ripples: experimental study of fully developed states. , 2005, Physical Review Letters.

[103]  Mario Nicodemi,et al.  Slow relaxation and compaction of granular systems , 2005, Nature materials.

[104]  Bruno Andreotti,et al.  Barchan dune corridors: Field characterization and investigation of control parameters , 2006, cond-mat/0609120.

[105]  P. Cleary,et al.  Large-scale landslide simulations : global deformation, velocities and basal friction , 1995 .

[106]  Benjamin J. Glasser,et al.  Scale dependence, correlations, and fluctuations of stresses in rapid granular flows , 2001 .

[107]  P. Blondeaux Sand ripples under sea waves Part 1. Ripple formation , 1990, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[108]  David J. Jeffrey,et al.  The stress tensor in a granular flow at high shear rates , 1981, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[109]  M. Louge,et al.  Model for dense granular flows down bumpy inclines. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[110]  R. Hill The mathematical theory of plasticity , 1950 .

[111]  J. A. Greenwood,et al.  Adhesion of elastic spheres , 1997, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[112]  F. Dullien Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure , 1979 .

[113]  Paul T. Callaghan,et al.  RHEO-NMR: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND THE RHEOLOGY OF COMPLEX FLUIDS , 1999 .

[114]  J. Dieterich,et al.  Direct observation of frictional contacts: New insights for state-dependent properties , 1994 .

[115]  M. Rabaud,et al.  Relaxation dynamics of water-immersed granular avalanches , 2007, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[116]  Structural signatures of the unjamming transition at zero temperature. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[117]  A. Saúl,et al.  Elastic effects on surface physics , 2004 .

[118]  S. Savage,et al.  The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline , 1989, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[119]  T. Aste,et al.  Onset of mechanical stability in random packings of frictional spheres. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[120]  Jonathan Seville,et al.  Capillary Bridges between Two Spherical Bodies , 2000 .

[121]  Richard M. Lueptow,et al.  Effect of interstitial fluid on a granular flowing layer , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[122]  Stéphane Bonelli,et al.  On the modelling of piping erosion , 2006 .

[123]  D. Brien,et al.  Acute sensitivity of landslide rates to initial soil porosity. , 2000, Science.

[124]  Emergence of multi-contact interactions in contact dynamics simulations of granular shear flows , 2006 .

[125]  D. Mcclung,et al.  The Avalanche Handbook , 1993 .

[126]  F. Charru Selection of the ripple length on a granular bed sheared by a liquid flow , 2006 .

[127]  M. Baddock,et al.  The geomorphological significance of airflow patterns in transverse dune interdunes , 2007 .

[128]  T. Divoux,et al.  Friction and dilatancy in immersed granular matter. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[129]  Amorphous systems in athermal, quasistatic shear. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[130]  J N Roux Geometric origin of mechanical properties of granular materials. , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[131]  K. H. Andersen,et al.  Dynamical models for sand ripples beneath surface waves. , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[132]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Unifying suspension and granular rheology. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[133]  C. Misbah,et al.  Dynamics of aeolian sand ripples , 2000 .

[134]  R. Stull An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology , 1988 .

[135]  N. J. A. Sloane,et al.  The Packing of Spheres , 1984 .

[136]  Deformation and flow of a two-dimensional foam under continuous shear. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[137]  Gregg Lois,et al.  Jamming transition and new percolation universality classes in particulate systems with attraction. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[138]  S. Savage,et al.  FLOW OF GRANULAR MATERIALS , 1989 .

[139]  Bruce W. Melville,et al.  Initiation of Bed Forms on a Flat Sand Bed , 1996 .

[140]  Kolumban Hutter,et al.  Gravity-driven free surface flow of granular avalanches over complex basal topography , 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[141]  Sebastian Noelle,et al.  Shock waves, dead zones and particle-free regions in rapid granular free-surface flows , 2003, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[142]  Rajchenbach,et al.  Instability in a sand heap. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[143]  I. Goldhirsch,et al.  RAPID GRANULAR FLOWS , 2003 .

[144]  Jacco H Snoeijer,et al.  Tail of the contact force distribution in static granular materials. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[145]  P. Cundall,et al.  A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies , 1979 .

[146]  A. Bauer-Brandl,et al.  On the physical interpretation of the initial bending of a Shapiro-Konopicky-Heckel compression profile. , 2009, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[147]  Hertz On the Contact of Elastic Solids , 1882 .

[148]  J. Iversen,et al.  The effect of wind speed and bed slope on sand transport , 1999 .

[149]  Nonlinear Elasticity of Granular Media , 1997 .

[150]  H. Makse,et al.  Characterizing the shear and bulk moduli of an idealized granular material , 2008 .

[151]  George G. Adams,et al.  Interaction of Elastic Dilatational and Shear Waves With a Frictional Sliding Interface , 2002 .

[152]  Y. Forterre,et al.  Evidence of mechanically activated processes in slow granular flows. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[153]  Julio M. Ottino,et al.  Surface flow of granular materials: model and experiments in heap formation , 2001, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[154]  Inherent rheology of a granular fluid in uniform shear flow. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[155]  H. Jaeger,et al.  Granular solids, liquids, and gases , 1996 .

[156]  Knight,et al.  Vibration-induced size separation in granular media: The convection connection. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[157]  L. Petit,et al.  Humidity effects on the stability of a sandpile , 1999 .

[158]  Robert S. Anderson,et al.  A theoretical model for aeolian impact ripples , 1987 .

[159]  Narayan,et al.  Model for force fluctuations in bead packs. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[160]  Spontaneous ratchet effect in a granular gas. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[161]  J. Best The fluid dynamics of river dunes: A review and some future research directions , 2005 .

[162]  H. Brinkman A calculation of the viscous force exerted by a flowing fluid on a dense swarm of particles , 1949 .

[163]  Philippe Gondret,et al.  Experiments on the motion of a solid sphere toward a wall: From viscous dissipation to elastohydrodynamic bouncing , 1999 .

[164]  P. Lagrée A triple deck model of ripple formation and evolution , 2003 .

[165]  D. Maza,et al.  The flow rate of granular materials through an orifice , 2007, 0707.4550.

[166]  Jean-Noël Roux,et al.  Internal states of model isotropic granular packings. III. Elastic properties. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[167]  M. J. Ruiz-Montero,et al.  Origin of density clustering in a freely evolving granular gas. , 1999, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[168]  Roberto Zenit,et al.  Increased mobility of bidisperse granular avalanches , 2007, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[169]  P. Blondeaux,et al.  A unified bar–bend theory of river meanders , 1985, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[170]  Long Le,et al.  A two-fluid model for avalanche and debris flows , 2005, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[171]  Bideau,et al.  Experimental study of the collision process of a grain on a two-dimensional granular bed , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[172]  C. Wentworth A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments , 1922, The Journal of Geology.

[173]  Martin van Hecke,et al.  Stresses in smooth flows of dense granular media , 2006 .

[174]  James W Dufty,et al.  Enskog theory for polydisperse granular mixtures. I. Navier-Stokes order transport. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[175]  G. Whitham,et al.  Linear and Nonlinear Waves , 1976 .

[176]  A. Provenzale,et al.  Blown by wind: nonlinear dynamics of aeolian sand ripples , 2004 .

[177]  X. Jia,et al.  Ultrasound Propagation in Externally Stressed Granular Media , 1999 .

[178]  J. Roux,et al.  Quasistatic rheology and the origins of strain , 2009, 0901.2846.

[179]  T S Komatsu,et al.  Creep motion in a granular pile exhibiting steady surface flow. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[180]  S. Taber The Mechanics of Frost Heaving , 1930, The Journal of Geology.

[181]  T C Lubensky,et al.  Granular shear flow dynamics and forces: experiment and continuum theory. , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[182]  Wim van Saarloos,et al.  Force mobilization and generalized isostaticity in jammed packings of frictional grains. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[183]  R. Bagnold Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear , 1954, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[184]  E. Flekkøy,et al.  Force measurements on static granular materials. , 1999, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[185]  Stéphane Douady,et al.  The Four Avalanche Fronts: a Test Case for Granular Surface Flow Modeling , 2001, Adv. Complex Syst..

[186]  F. Bertrand,et al.  Shear thickening and migration in granular suspensions. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[187]  Emmanuel Partheniades,et al.  Erosion and Deposition of Cohesive Soils , 1965 .

[188]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  A constitutive law for dense granular flows , 2006, Nature.

[189]  É. Clément,et al.  Evidence of rayleigh-hertz surface waves and shear stiffness anomaly in granular media. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[190]  Yi Fan,et al.  Phase transitions in shear-induced segregation of granular materials. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[191]  R. Iverson,et al.  U. S. Geological Survey , 1967, Radiocarbon.

[192]  O Pouliquen Velocity correlations in dense granular flows. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[193]  Jean-Pierre Vilotte,et al.  Spreading of a granular mass on a horizontal plane , 2004 .

[194]  B. Bernu,et al.  One-dimensional bounce of inelastically colliding marbles on a wall , 1990 .

[195]  V. Gusev,et al.  Acoustic waves in an elastic channel near the free surface of granular media. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[196]  G. Parker,et al.  Linear stability analysis of channel inception: downstream-driven theory , 2000, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[197]  P. Claudin,et al.  Selection of dune shapes and velocities Part 2: A two-dimensional modelling , 2002, cond-mat/0201105.

[198]  C. Ancey,et al.  Segregation, recirculation and deposition of coarse particles near two-dimensional avalanche fronts , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[199]  J. Troadec,et al.  Uniaxial Compression of 2d Packings of Cylinders. Effects of Weak Disorder , 1987 .

[200]  Y. Forterre,et al.  Flows of Dense Granular Media , 2008 .

[201]  Matthieu Wyart,et al.  Effects of compression on the vibrational modes of marginally jammed solids. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[202]  B. Werner,et al.  Self-Organization of Sorted Patterned Ground , 2003, Science.

[203]  Anomalous acoustic reflection on a sliding interface or a shear band. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[204]  H J Herrmann,et al.  Continuum saltation model for sand dunes. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[205]  M. Ernst,et al.  Velocity distributions in homogeneous granular fluids: the free and the heated case , 1998 .

[206]  M. Rabaud,et al.  Granular avalanches in fluids. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[207]  Andrea J. Liu,et al.  Nonlinear dynamics: Jamming is not just cool any more , 1998, Nature.

[208]  David G. Schaeffer,et al.  Instability in the evolution equations describing incompressible granular flow , 1987 .

[209]  M. Biot Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid‐Saturated Porous Solid. I. Low‐Frequency Range , 1956 .

[210]  Thomas J. Hanratty,et al.  Influence of the amplitude of a solid wavy wall on a turbulent flow. Part 1. Non-separated flows , 1977, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[211]  Alexander Ries,et al.  Shear zones in granular media: three-dimensional contact dynamics simulation. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[212]  N. Balmforth,et al.  Roll waves in mud , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[213]  M D Shattuck,et al.  Crystallization of a quasi-two-dimensional granular fluid. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[214]  F. Reif,et al.  Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics , 1965 .

[215]  D. Lhuillier Migration of rigid particles in non-Brownian viscous suspensions , 2009 .

[216]  Gregory J. Hanson,et al.  Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA , 2001 .

[217]  M. Rabaud,et al.  Onset of erosion and avalanche for an inclined granular bed sheared by a continuous laminar flow , 2005 .

[218]  L. Tuckerman,et al.  Bifurcation analysis of the Eckhaus instability , 1990 .

[219]  L. E. Scriven,et al.  Pendular rings between solids: meniscus properties and capillary force , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[220]  Kelvin J. Richards,et al.  The formation of ripples and dunes on an erodible bed , 1980, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[221]  R. Jackson,et al.  Locally averaged equations of motion for a mixture of identical spherical particles and a Newtonian fluid , 1997 .

[222]  Jean-Pierre Vilotte,et al.  Numerical modeling of avalanches based on Saint-Venant equations using a kinetic scheme , 2003 .

[223]  V. Kumaran Dynamics of dense sheared granular flows. Part 1. Structure and diffusion , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[224]  Christian Veje,et al.  Stress Fluctuations in a 2D Granular Couette Experiment: A Continuous Transition , 1999 .

[225]  Maxime Nicolas,et al.  Constitutive laws in liquid-fluidized beds , 2002, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[226]  T. Shinbrot,et al.  Reverse Buoyancy in Shaken Granular Beds , 1998 .

[227]  Adrian Daerr,et al.  On granular surface flow equations , 1999 .

[228]  R. Larson The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids , 1998 .

[229]  S. I. Rubinow,et al.  The transverse force on a spinning sphere moving in a viscous fluid , 1961, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[230]  G. Reydellet,et al.  From the stress response function (back) to the sand pile “dip” , 2005, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[231]  Jean-Pierre Vilotte,et al.  On the use of Saint Venant equations to simulate the spreading of a granular mass , 2005 .

[232]  E. Charlaix,et al.  Physics of humid granular media , 2002 .

[233]  M. Biot General Theory of Three‐Dimensional Consolidation , 1941 .

[234]  J. E. Ungar,et al.  Boundary conditions for high-shear grain flows , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[235]  J. Rice,et al.  CONDITIONS FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF DEFORMATION IN PRESSURE-SENSITIVE DILATANT MATERIALS , 1975 .

[236]  H. Jaeger,et al.  Stress transmission through three-dimensional ordered granular arrays. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[237]  S. Fauve,et al.  Subharmonic Instabilities and Defects in a Granular Layer under Vertical Vibrations , 1989 .

[238]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Crystallization of non-Brownian Spheres under Horizontal Shaking , 1997 .

[239]  A. Valance,et al.  Ripple formation over a sand bed submitted to a laminar shear flow , 2005 .

[240]  Nadia Benahmed,et al.  Modélisation du renard hydraulique et interprétation de l’essai d’érosion de trou , 2007 .

[241]  Lucio Isa,et al.  Shear zones and wall slip in the capillary flow of concentrated colloidal suspensions. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[242]  Segregation mechanisms in a numerical model of a binary granular mixture. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[243]  The granular jump , 2007, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[244]  D. Kilgour,et al.  The density of random close packing of spheres , 1969 .

[245]  T. Boutreux,et al.  Compaction of granular mixtures: a free volume model , 1997 .

[246]  Barry Cipra,et al.  Packing Challenge Mastered At Last , 1998, Science.

[247]  Bruno Andreotti,et al.  A two-species model of aeolian sand transport , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[248]  Farhang Radjai,et al.  Contact forces in a granular packing. , 1999, Chaos.

[249]  Levine,et al.  Rotationally induced segregation of granular materials. , 1994, Physical review letters.

[250]  G. Grest,et al.  Rheology and contact lifetimes in dense granular flows. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[251]  S. Savage,et al.  The effects of an impact velocity dependent coefficient of restitution on stresses developed by sheared granular materials , 1986 .

[252]  E. F. Bradley,et al.  A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow over a two-dimensional ridge , 1990 .

[253]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Slow Dense Granular Flows as a Self-induced Process , 2001, Adv. Complex Syst..

[254]  Ludovic Berthier,et al.  Unified study of glass and jamming rheology in soft particle systems. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[255]  A. Mehta,et al.  Two-species continuum model for aeolian sand ripples , 1999, cond-mat/9910252.

[256]  Fabien Cherblanc,et al.  Influence of liquid bridges on the mechanical behaviour of polydisperse granular materials , 2006 .

[257]  Daniel Bonn,et al.  Rheology: Liquefaction of quicksand under stress , 2005, Nature.

[258]  Tomasz Dyakowski,et al.  Applications of electrical tomography for gas-solids and liquid-solids flows : a review , 2000 .

[259]  B. Andreotti,et al.  The song of dunes as a wave-particle mode locking. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[260]  Forcing independent velocity distributions in an experimental granular fluid. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[261]  Farhang Radjai,et al.  Turbulentlike fluctuations in quasistatic flow of granular media. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[262]  Y. Forterre,et al.  Longitudinal vortices in granular flows. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[263]  E. Wandersman,et al.  Flow-induced agitations create a granular fluid. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[264]  D. Zhang,et al.  Momentum and energy equations for disperse two-phase flows and their closure for dilute suspensions , 1997 .

[265]  B. V. Derjaguin,et al.  Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles , 1975 .

[266]  S. Edwards,et al.  A model for the dynamics of sandpile surfaces , 1994 .

[267]  Pierre Y. Julien,et al.  Erosion and Sedimentation: Physical properties and dimensional analysis , 1995 .

[268]  E. F. Bradley,et al.  Boundary-layer flow over low hills , 1987 .

[269]  Michael M. Khonsari,et al.  Granular Lubrication: Toward an Understanding of the Transition Between Kinetic and Quasi-Fluid Regime , 2004 .

[270]  Nicholas Lancaster,et al.  The dynamics of star dunes: an example from the Gran Desierto , 1989 .

[271]  S. Timoshenko,et al.  Theory of elasticity , 1975 .

[272]  P. Thorne,et al.  Measurements of suspended sediment transport parameters in a tidal estuary , 2001 .

[273]  R. Behringer,et al.  Memories in sand: experimental tests of construction history on stress distributions under sandpiles. , 1999, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[274]  Nicholas Lancaster,et al.  Sediment flux and airflow on the stoss slope of a barchan dune , 1996 .

[275]  Malika Ouriemi,et al.  Sediment dynamics. Part 1. Bed-load transport by laminar shearing flows , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[276]  W. S. Chepil,et al.  DYNAMICS OF WIND EROSION: II. INITIATION OF SOIL MOVEMENT , 1945 .

[277]  K. Terzaghi Theoretical Soil Mechanics , 1943 .

[278]  J. Bridgwater,et al.  Fundamental powder mixing mechanisms , 1976 .

[279]  R. Clayton,et al.  Solving the mystery of booming sand dunes , 2007 .

[280]  Kapiza waves as a test for three-dimensional granular flow rheology , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[281]  Subhasish Dey,et al.  Threshold of sediment motion on combined transverse and longitudinal sloping beds , 2003 .

[282]  A. Einstein Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flußläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes , 1926, Naturwissenschaften.

[283]  Eric Clément,et al.  Elastic medium confined in a column versus the Janssen experiment , 2005, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[284]  Prabhu R. Nott,et al.  A frictional Cosserat model for the slow shearing of granular materials , 2002, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[285]  J. Jenkins,et al.  Grad’s 13-Moment System for a Dense Gas of Inelastic Spheres , 1985 .

[286]  Instability and ill‐posedness in the deformation of granular materials , 1990 .

[287]  Robert S. Anderson,et al.  Wind modification and bed response during saltation of sand in air , 1991 .

[288]  R. Sharman,et al.  Atmospheric Lee Waves , 1996 .

[289]  J. Delour,et al.  Velocity statistics in excited granular media. , 1999, Chaos.

[290]  H. Tsoar,et al.  Dynamic processes acting on a longitudinal (seif) sand dune , 1983 .

[291]  F. P. Bowden,et al.  The Friction and Lubrication of Solids , 1964 .

[292]  H. Herrmann,et al.  Simulation of aeolian saltation , 2013 .

[293]  P. Nott,et al.  Stability of plane Couette flow of a granular material , 1998, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[294]  Jeffrey F. Morris,et al.  A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics: MICROHYDRODYNAMICS , 2011 .

[295]  Granular packings: nonlinear elasticity, sound propagation, and collective relaxation dynamics. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[296]  S. Fauve,et al.  Convective flow of granular masses under vertical vibrations , 1989 .

[297]  Johnson,et al.  An Adhesion Map for the Contact of Elastic Spheres , 1997, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[298]  Peter Sheridan Dodds,et al.  Scaling, Universality, and Geomorphology , 2000 .

[299]  S. Lane,et al.  Morphology and flow fields of three‐dimensional dunes, Rio Paraná, Argentina: Results from simultaneous multibeam echo sounding and acoustic Doppler current profiling , 2005 .

[300]  Bruno Andreotti,et al.  Selection of dune shapes and velocities Part 1: Dynamics of sand, wind and barchans , 2002, cond-mat/0201103.

[301]  F. Engelund Instability of erodible beds , 1970, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[302]  G. Grest,et al.  Granular flow down an inclined plane: Bagnold scaling and rheology. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[303]  James Kakalios,et al.  Axial segregation of granular media rotated in a drum mixer: Pattern evolution , 1997 .

[304]  James W. Landry,et al.  Granular flow down a rough inclined plane: Transition between thin and thick piles , 2003 .

[305]  Zhang,et al.  Dynamic scaling of growing interfaces. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[306]  D Bonamy,et al.  Multiscale clustering in granular surface flows. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[307]  Douady,et al.  Dynamics of a grain on a sandpile model , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[308]  Robert S. Anderson,et al.  Eolian ripples as examples of self-organization in geomorphological systems , 1990 .

[309]  P. R. Owen,et al.  Saltation of uniform grains in air , 1964, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[310]  Prabhu R. Nott,et al.  The suspension balance model revisited , 2011 .

[311]  T. Hales The Kepler conjecture , 1998, math/9811078.

[312]  H. Huppert,et al.  Axisymmetric collapses of granular columns , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[313]  R. Bagnold Sediment Transport by Wind and Water , 1979 .

[314]  T. G. Cowling,et al.  The mathematical theory of non-uniform gases , 1939 .

[315]  J. van de Velde,et al.  The flow of granular solids through orifices , 1961 .

[316]  M. J. Ruiz-Montero,et al.  Hydrodynamic Maxwell demon in granular systems. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[317]  George Gabriel Stokes,et al.  On the theory of oscillatory waves , 2009 .

[318]  Gioacchino Viggiani,et al.  An assessment of plasticity theories for modeling the incrementally nonlinear behavior of granular soils , 2005 .

[319]  I. McEwan,et al.  Initiation of motion of quartz sand grains , 1991 .

[320]  L. Ridolfi,et al.  An experimental investigation of turbulent flows over a hilly surface , 2007 .

[321]  Van Rijn,et al.  Sediment transport; Part I, Bed load transport , 1984 .

[322]  H. Herrmann,et al.  Minimal model for aeolian sand dunes. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[323]  J. Israelachvili Intermolecular and surface forces , 1985 .

[324]  Matthieu Wyart,et al.  A unified framework for non-Brownian suspension flows and soft amorphous solids , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[325]  Knight,et al.  Density relaxation in a vibrated granular material. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[326]  J Talbot,et al.  Adsorption-desorption model and its application to vibrated granular materials. , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[327]  B. Werner Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation , 1995 .

[328]  Eric Falcon,et al.  “Turbulent” electrical transport in copper powders , 2003, cond-mat/0306555.

[329]  J. Goddard Nonlinear elasticity and pressure-dependent wave speeds in granular media , 1990, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[330]  F. Radjai,et al.  Micro-statistical features of cohesionless granular media , 2003 .

[331]  F. Spahn,et al.  Hydrodynamic Description of Planetary Rings , 2006 .

[332]  H. Makse,et al.  Surface flows of granular mixtures , 1999 .

[333]  J. Roux,et al.  On the elastic moduli of three-dimensional assemblies of spheres: Characterization and modeling of fluctuations in the particle displacement and rotation , 2007, 0707.1800.

[334]  J. Wesfreid,et al.  Wavelength selection of rolling-grain ripples in the laboratory. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[335]  B. Perrin,et al.  Crossover from creep to inertial motion in friction dynamics , 1994, Nature.

[336]  Jean-Pierre Bardet,et al.  A numerical investigation of the structure of persistent shear bands in granular media , 1991 .

[337]  Stéphane Douady,et al.  Two types of avalanche behaviour in granular media , 1999, Nature.

[338]  E. Liniger,et al.  Random loose packings of uniform spheres and the dilatancy onset. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[339]  Heinrich M. Jaeger,et al.  FORCE DISTRIBUTION IN A GRANULAR MEDIUM , 1998 .

[340]  G. Parker Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed. Part 1. The sand-silt river , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[341]  É. Clément,et al.  Overshoot effect in the Janssen granular column: a crucial test for granular mechanics. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[342]  Vincent Richefeu,et al.  Contact dynamics as a nonsmooth discrete element method , 2009 .

[343]  P. Claudin,et al.  Transition from the viscous to inertial regime in dense suspensions. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[344]  E. Hinch,et al.  Ripple formation on a particle bed sheared by a viscous liquid. Part 1. Steady flow , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[345]  B. T. Werner,et al.  Beach Cusps as Self-Organized Patterns , 1993, Science.

[346]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  SCALING LAWS IN GRANULAR FLOWS DOWN ROUGH INCLINED PLANES , 1999 .

[347]  N. Lancaster,et al.  The sedimentary structure of linear sand dunes , 2000, Nature.

[348]  J. Goddard Dissipative materials as constitutive models for granular media , 1986 .

[349]  J. Iversen,et al.  The effect of surface slope on saltation threshold , 1994 .

[350]  O. Phillips On the generation of waves by turbulent wind , 1957, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[351]  Pak,et al.  Effects of ambient gases on granular materials under vertical vibration. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[352]  Poul V. Lade,et al.  Elasto-plastic stress-strain theory for cohesionless soil with curved yield surfaces , 1977 .

[353]  Lemieux,et al.  From avalanches to fluid flow: A continuous picture of grain dynamics down a heap , 2000, Physical review letters.

[354]  Bruno Andreotti,et al.  A scaling law for aeolian dunes on Mars, Venus, Earth, and for subaqueous ripples , 2006, cond-mat/0603656.

[355]  Shlomo Havlin,et al.  Spontaneous stratification in granular mixtures , 1997, Nature.

[356]  J. E. Ungar,et al.  Steady state saltation in air , 1987 .

[357]  Thorsten Pöschel,et al.  Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases , 2004 .

[358]  Pierre Resibois,et al.  Classical kinetic theory of fluids , 1977 .

[359]  J. Roux,et al.  What do dry granular flows tell us about dense non-Brownian suspension rheology? , 2009 .

[360]  R. Jackson,et al.  Frictional–collisional constitutive relations for granular materials, with application to plane shearing , 1987, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[361]  Arshad Kudrolli,et al.  Maximum angle of stability of a wet granular pile , 2005, cond-mat/0508352.

[362]  Andrea J. Liu,et al.  Jamming at zero temperature and zero applied stress: the epitome of disorder. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[363]  Jean-Noël Roux,et al.  Rheophysics of dense granular materials: discrete simulation of plane shear flows. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[364]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Stability analysis of rapid granular chute flows: formation of longitudinal vortices , 2001, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[365]  J. Hunt,et al.  Turbulent shear flows over low hills , 1988 .

[366]  Jean-Noël Roux,et al.  Elastic wave propagation in confined granular systems. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[367]  J. Eggers Sand as Maxwell's Demon , 1999, cond-mat/9906275.

[368]  T. Brooke Benjamin,et al.  Shearing flow over a wavy boundary , 1959, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[369]  E. F. F. Chladni Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges , 1967 .

[370]  I. Vardoulakis,et al.  The thickness of shear bands in granular materials , 1987 .

[371]  D. Bideau,et al.  Compaction dynamics of a granular medium under vertical tapping , 2002 .

[372]  Dynamics of channel incision in a granular bed driven by subsurface water flow , 2005, cond-mat/0505352.

[373]  P. Brownell,et al.  Compressional and Surface Waves in Sand: Used by Desert Scorpions to Locate Prey , 1977, Science.

[374]  I. Goldhirsch,et al.  Clustering instability in dissipative gases. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[375]  Y. Forterre,et al.  Long-surface-wave instability in dense granular flows , 2003, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[376]  A. A. Bent,et al.  Numerical simulation of inelastic frictional spheres in simple shear flow , 1994, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[377]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Onset of Granular Flows on an Inclined Rough Surface: Dilatancy Effects , 1996 .

[378]  B. Persson,et al.  Sliding Friction: Physical Principles and Applications , 1997 .

[379]  O. Reynolds V. On rolling-friction , 1875, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

[380]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Flow of dense granular material: towards simple constitutive laws , 2006 .

[381]  M. Nicolas,et al.  Compaction of a granular material under cyclic shear , 2000, cond-mat/0006252.

[382]  Raymond D. Mindlin,et al.  STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF A GRANULAR MEDIUM , 1956 .

[383]  C Goldenberg,et al.  On the microscopic foundations of elasticity , 2002, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[384]  Hans J. Herrmann,et al.  Modeling granular media on the computer , 1998 .

[385]  Vincent Tournat,et al.  Acoustics of Unconsolidated “Model” Granular Media: An Overview of Recent Results and Several Open Problems , 2010 .

[386]  F. Bertrand,et al.  Direct determination by nuclear magnetic resonance of the thixotropic and yielding behavior of suspensions , 2002 .

[387]  J. C. Williams,et al.  The mixing of dry powders , 1968 .

[388]  Olivier Pouliquen,et al.  Friction law for dense granular flows: application to the motion of a mass down a rough inclined plane , 2001, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[389]  J. Hardisty,et al.  Evidence for a new sand transport process from experiments on Saharan dunes , 1988, Nature.

[390]  Lev S Tsimring,et al.  Continuum theory of partially fluidized granular flows. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[391]  A. Tripathi,et al.  Rheology of binary granular mixtures in the dense flow regime , 2011 .

[392]  Pierre-Yves Lagrée,et al.  Stability of bedforms in laminar flows with free surface: from bars to ripples , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[393]  J. Brey,et al.  Kinetic model for the hard-sphere fluid and solid , 1998 .

[394]  Eric Lajeunesse,et al.  Understanding how volume affects the mobility of dry debris flows , 2009 .

[395]  R. Nedderman Statics and Kinematics of Granular Materials: Euler's equation and rates of strain , 1992 .

[396]  P. Haff,et al.  The impact process in aeolian saltation: two‐dimensional simulations , 1988 .

[397]  F. Charru,et al.  Erosion and deposition of particles on a bed sheared by a viscous flow , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[398]  Bruce W. Melville,et al.  Bed‐Form Development , 1994 .

[399]  Farhang Radjai,et al.  BIMODAL CHARACTER OF STRESS TRANSMISSION IN GRANULAR PACKINGS , 1998 .

[400]  S. Skipetrov,et al.  Localization of ultrasound in a three-dimensional elastic network , 2008, 0805.1502.

[401]  Influence of gravity on a granular Maxwell’s demon experiment , 2009, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[402]  Donald W. Taylor,et al.  Fundamentals of soil mechanics , 1948 .

[403]  R. Horton EROSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE BASINS; HYDROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY , 1945 .

[404]  Michel Saint Jean,et al.  The non-smooth contact dynamics method , 1999 .

[405]  L. Rijn Sediment Transport, Part II: Suspended Load Transport , 1984 .

[406]  Andrew Warren,et al.  The role of streamline curvature in sand dune dynamics: evidence from field and wind tunnel measurements , 1996 .

[407]  Charles S. Campbell,et al.  RAPID GRANULAR FLOWS , 1990 .

[408]  Giles F.S. Wiggs Desert dune processes and dynamics , 2001 .

[409]  J. Garratt The Atmospheric Boundary Layer , 1992 .

[410]  Detlef Lohse,et al.  Hysteretic clustering in granular gas , 2001, nlin/0103020.

[411]  V. Kumaran The constitutive relation for the granular flow of rough particles, and its application to the flow down an inclined plane , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[412]  Vincent Richefeu,et al.  Shear strength properties of wet granular materials. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[413]  S. Douady,et al.  Song of the dunes as a self-synchronized instrument. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[414]  P. Haff Grain flow as a fluid-mechanical phenomenon , 1983, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[415]  G. I. Barenblatt Scaling: Self-similarity and intermediate asymptotics , 1996 .

[416]  S. Fauve,et al.  Cluster formation, pressure and density measurements in a granular medium fluidized by vibrations , 1999 .

[417]  G. Midi,et al.  On dense granular flows , 2003, The European physical journal. E, Soft matter.

[418]  S. Luding,et al.  From DEM Simulations towards a Continuum Theory of Granular Matter , 2020, Powders and Grains 2001.

[419]  B. Voight,et al.  Numerical simulation of the December 1997 Debris Avalanche in Montserrat, Lesser Antilles , 2001 .

[420]  Gary Parker,et al.  SEDIMENT INERTIA AS CAUSE OF RIVER ANTIDUNES , 1975 .

[421]  P. Claudin Granular Physics: Static properties of granular materials , 2007 .

[422]  G Félix,et al.  Evidence of two effects in the size segregation process in dry granular media. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[423]  Jean-Louis Barrat,et al.  Jamming transition as probed by quasistatic shear flow. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[424]  S. Savage,et al.  Granular Flows Down Rough Inclines - Review and Extension , 1983 .

[425]  Christophe Delacourt,et al.  New insights on the runout of large landslides in the Valles‐Marineris canyons, Mars , 2006 .

[426]  B. Andreotti A mean-field model for the rheology and the dynamical phase transitions in the flow of granular matter , 2007 .

[427]  Jean-Noël Roux,et al.  Dense flows of bidisperse assemblies of disks down an inclined plane , 2007 .

[428]  A. Thornton,et al.  A theory for particle size segregation in shallow granular free-surface flows , 2005, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[429]  P. Haff,et al.  Simulation of Eolian Saltation , 1988, Science.

[430]  É. Clément,et al.  Surface elastic waves in granular media under gravity , 2006 .

[431]  Stefano Urbini,et al.  Snow megadunes in Antarctica: Sedimentary structure and genesis , 2002 .

[432]  Sankaran Sundaresan,et al.  INSTABILITIES IN FLUIDIZED BEDS , 2003 .

[433]  F. Mancini,et al.  Kinetic theory for binary mixtures of smooth, nearly elastic spheres , 1989 .

[434]  Adhesion between weakly rough beads. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[435]  J. T. Jenkins,et al.  Saltating particles in a turbulent boundary layer: experiment and theory , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[436]  Fabrice Barbe,et al.  Analysis by x-ray microtomography of a granular packing undergoing compaction. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[437]  J. Iversen,et al.  Saltation and wind-flow interaction in a variable slope wind tunnel , 1996 .

[438]  F. Radjai,et al.  Texture-Dependent Rigid-Plastic Behavior , 1998 .

[439]  A. N. Strahler Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology , 1957 .

[440]  F. Radjai,et al.  Contact Dynamics Study of 2D Granular Media: Critical States and Relevant Internal Variables , 2004 .

[441]  Ludovic Berthier,et al.  Glasses and Aging, A Statistical Mechanics Perspective on , 2020, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science.

[442]  Pierre-Yves Lagrée,et al.  The granular column collapse as a continuum: validity of a two-dimensional Navier–Stokes model with a μ(I)-rheology , 2011, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[443]  Colin Thornton,et al.  A Theoretical Study of the Liquid Bridge Forces between Two Rigid Spherical Bodies , 1993 .

[444]  D. Rothman,et al.  Acausal relations between topographic slope and drainage area , 2002 .

[445]  Matthias Sperl,et al.  Experiments on corn pressure in silo cells – translation and comment of Janssen's paper from 1895 , 2005 .

[446]  I. Goldhirsch,et al.  Scales and kinetics of granular flows. , 1999, Chaos.

[447]  H. C. Hamaker The London—van der Waals attraction between spherical particles , 1937 .

[448]  P. Dantu,et al.  Etude Statistique des Forces Intergranulaires dans un Milieu Pulverulent , 1968 .

[449]  V. Garzó,et al.  Dense fluid transport for inelastic hard spheres. , 1999, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[450]  Rosaly M. C. Lopes,et al.  The Sand Seas of Titan: Cassini RADAR Observations of Longitudinal Dunes , 2006, Science.

[451]  D. Bonn,et al.  Wetting and Spreading , 2009 .

[452]  M. E. El Youssoufi,et al.  Space-filling properties of polydisperse granular media. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[453]  S. Fauve,et al.  Power injected in dissipative systems and the fluctuation theorem , 2001 .

[454]  O. Pouliquen ON THE SHAPE OF GRANULAR FRONTS DOWN ROUGH INCLINED PLANES , 1999 .

[455]  Martin van Hecke,et al.  TOPICAL REVIEW: Jamming of soft particles: geometry, mechanics, scaling and isostaticity , 2009 .

[456]  R. M. Nedderman,et al.  Principles of Powder Mechanics. : Pergamon Press, 1970. 221 pp.,£3. , 1971 .

[457]  B. Mutlu Sumer,et al.  On the formation of ripples on an erodible bed , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[458]  P. Claudin,et al.  On aeolian transport: Grain-scale interactions, dynamical mechanisms and scaling laws , 2011 .

[459]  B. Widom Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves , 2003 .

[460]  Erika Eiser,et al.  Liquefaction of quicksand under stress - A person trapped in salt-lake quicksand is not in any danger of being sucked under completely , 2005 .

[461]  Farhang Radjai,et al.  Discrete-element modeling of granular materials , 2011 .

[462]  Eric Falcon,et al.  Nonlinear electrical conductivity in a 1D granular medium , 2003, cond-mat/0311453.

[463]  É. Guazzelli,et al.  Sediment dynamics. Part 2. Dune formation in pipe flow , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[464]  Richard M. Iverson,et al.  Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three‐dimensional terrain: 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests , 2001 .

[465]  Osborne Reynolds Ll.D. F.R.S. LVII. On the dilatancy of media composed of rigid particles in contact. With experimental illustrations , 1885 .

[466]  W. Tscharnuter,et al.  A Fluid Dynamical Treatment of the Common Action of Self-Gravitation, Collisions, and Rotation in Saturn's B-Ring , 1995 .

[467]  I. Goldhirsch,et al.  Hydrodynamic equations for rapid flows of smooth inelastic spheres, to Burnett order , 1998, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[468]  Ken Kamrin,et al.  Nonlocal constitutive relation for steady granular flow. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[469]  David T. Leighton,et al.  The characterization of the total stress of concentrated suspensions of noncolloidal spheres in Newtonian fluids , 2000 .

[470]  Philippe Coussot,et al.  Rheology of dense snow flows: Inferences from steady state chute-flow experiments , 2008 .

[471]  P. Gennes,et al.  Surface flows of granular materials: A modified picture for thick avalanches , 1998 .

[472]  Modelling stably stratified boundary‐layer flow over low hills , 1997 .

[473]  Lev S. Tsimring,et al.  Patterns and collective behavior in granular media: Theoretical concepts , 2006 .

[474]  S. Douady,et al.  Sensitivity of granular surface flows to preparation , 1999 .

[475]  M. Wyart On the dependence of the avalanche angle on the granular layer thickness , 2008, 0807.5109.

[476]  T. J. Hanratty,et al.  Velocity measurements for a turbulent nonseparated flow over solid waves , 1985 .

[477]  M. Yalin On the Determination of Ripple Geometry , 1985 .

[478]  Numerical tests of constitutive laws for dense granular flows. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[479]  H. Brenner The slow motion of a sphere through a viscous fluid towards a plane surface , 1961 .

[480]  D. Wood Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics , 1991 .

[481]  D. Rothman,et al.  Growth laws for channel networks incised by groundwater flow , 2009 .

[482]  Masayuki Horio,et al.  Numerical simulation of cohesive powder behavior in a fluidized bed , 1998 .

[483]  Aging in humid granular media. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[484]  G Combe,et al.  Scale separation in granular packings: stress plateaus and fluctuations. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[485]  Huajian Gao,et al.  Adhesion maps of spheres corrected for strength limit. , 2007, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[486]  Jeffrey F. Morris,et al.  Particle pressure in a sheared suspension: a bridge from osmosis to granular dilatancy. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[487]  A Sheppard,et al.  Morphological clues to wet granular pile stability. , 2008, Nature materials.

[488]  F. Stillinger,et al.  Improving the Density of Jammed Disordered Packings Using Ellipsoids , 2004, Science.

[489]  Rosato,et al.  Why the Brazil nuts are on top: Size segregation of particulate matter by shaking. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[490]  E. Azanza,et al.  Experimental study of collisional granular flows down an inclined plane , 1999, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[491]  Alan D. Howard,et al.  Effect of slope on the threshold of motion and its application to orientation of wind ripples , 1977 .

[492]  G. D. Scott,et al.  Packing of Spheres: Packing of Equal Spheres , 1960, Nature.

[493]  Detlef Lohse,et al.  Granular physics: Creating a dry variety of quicksand , 2004, Nature.

[494]  T. Majmudar,et al.  Contact force measurements and stress-induced anisotropy in granular materials , 2005, Nature.

[495]  Ron Kwok,et al.  Snow megadune fields on the East Antarctic Plateau: Extreme atmosphere‐ice interaction , 2000 .

[496]  V. Dolgunin,et al.  Development of the model of segregation of particles undergoing granular flow down an inclined chute , 1998 .

[497]  Adam Sokolow,et al.  How hertzian solitary waves interact with boundaries in a 1D granular medium. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[498]  Granular segregation as a critical phenomenon. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[499]  Andrea J. Liu,et al.  Excess Vibrational Modes and the Boson Peak in Model Glasses , 2006, cond-mat/0611474.

[500]  Kolumban Hutter,et al.  Channelized free-surface flow of cohesionless granular avalanches in a chute with shallow lateral curvature , 1999, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[501]  M. Wyart On the rigidity of amorphous solids , 2005, cond-mat/0512155.

[502]  G. Parker,et al.  Inception of channelization and drainage basin formation: upstream-driven theory , 1995, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[503]  A. Levine,et al.  How Sandcastles Fall , 1998, cond-mat/9801204.

[504]  Daniel Bonn,et al.  Viscosity bifurcation in granular materials, foams, and emulsions. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[505]  D. O. Krimer,et al.  Granular elasticity: stress distributions in silos and under point loads. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[506]  Marina Pirulli,et al.  Results of Back-Analysis of the Propagation of Rock Avalanches as a Function of the Assumed Rheology , 2008 .

[507]  P. Coussot,et al.  A theoretical framework for granular suspensions in a steady simple shear flow , 1999 .

[508]  T. Majmudar,et al.  Jamming transition in granular systems. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[509]  Julio M. Ottino,et al.  Mixing and Segregation of Granular Materials , 2000 .

[510]  J. Barrat,et al.  Particle displacements in the elastic deformation of amorphous materials: Local fluctuations vs. non-affine field , 2006, cond-mat/0610518.

[511]  F. Radjai,et al.  Identification of rolling resistance as a shape parameter in sheared granular media. , 2011, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[512]  Richard G. Derwent,et al.  Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere , 2003 .

[513]  Clément,et al.  Studies of columns of beads under external vibrations. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[514]  D. Tabor Surface Forces and Surface Interactions , 1977 .

[515]  E Clément,et al.  Green's function probe of a static granular piling. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[516]  C. Coste,et al.  Low-frequency behavior of beads constrained on a lattice. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[517]  R. S. Bradley,et al.  LXXIX. The cohesive force between solid surfaces and the surface energy of solids , 1932 .

[518]  J. Roux,et al.  Dense flows of cohesive granular materials , 2008, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[519]  B. Andreotti,et al.  Flow rule, self-channelization, and levees in unconfined granular flows. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[520]  J. Rice Localization of plastic deformation , 1976 .

[521]  M. E. Cates,et al.  Jamming and static stress transmission in granular materials. , 1999, Chaos.

[522]  S. Savage,et al.  Particle size segregation in inclined chute flow of dry cohesionless granular solids , 1988, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[523]  Eric Falcon,et al.  Simulations of vibrated granular medium with impact-velocity-dependent restitution coefficient. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[524]  John S. Wettlaufer,et al.  The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences , 2006 .

[525]  J. Kennedy The mechanics of dunes and antidunes in erodible-bed channels , 1963, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[526]  Eiichi Fukushima,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool to study flow , 1999 .

[527]  R. German Sintering theory and practice , 1996 .

[528]  Wolfgang Losert,et al.  Superstable granular heap in a thin channel. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[529]  P. J. King,et al.  Spontaneous Air-Driven Separation in Vertically Vibrated Fine Granular Mixtures , 2002, Science.

[530]  Granular elasticity without the Coulomb condition. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[531]  Daniel Bonn,et al.  Flow of wet granular materials. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[532]  Giovanni Coco,et al.  Beach Cusps: A Comparison of Data and Theories for Their Formation , 1999 .

[533]  A. Murray,et al.  Formation of coastline features by large-scale instabilities induced by high-angle waves , 2001, Nature.

[534]  P. Jop Hydrodynamic modeling of granular flows in a modified Couette cell. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[535]  N. Balmforth,et al.  Granular collapse in two dimensions , 2005, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[536]  R. Müller,et al.  Formulas for Bed-Load transport , 1948 .

[537]  P. Hersen Flow effects on the morphology and dynamics of aeolian and subaqueous barchan dunes , 2005 .

[538]  I. McEwan,et al.  The grain/bed collision in sand transport by wind , 1992 .

[539]  L. Staron Correlated motion in the bulk of dense granular flows. , 2008, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[540]  Mehta,et al.  Novel temporal behavior of a nonlinear dynamical system: The completely inelastic bouncing ball. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[541]  P. J. Denny Compaction equations: a comparison of the Heckel and Kawakita equations , 2002 .

[542]  P. Manneville,et al.  Improved modeling of flows down inclined planes , 2000 .

[543]  C. Laroche,et al.  Experimental study of a creeping granular flow at very low velocity , 2008 .

[544]  P. Claudin,et al.  Bedforms in a turbulent stream: formation of ripples by primary linear instability and of dunes by nonlinear pattern coarsening , 2008, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[545]  J. D. Bernal,et al.  The Bakerian Lecture, 1962 The structure of liquids , 1964, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[546]  G. Kocurek,et al.  Amalgamated accumulations resulting from climatic and eustatic changes, Akchar Erg, Mauritania , 1991 .

[547]  P. Claudin,et al.  Field evidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes , 2005, Nature.

[548]  Richard V. Craster,et al.  A consistent thin-layer theory for Bingham plastics , 1999 .

[549]  H. Callen Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics , 1988 .

[550]  Energetic instability unjams sand and suspension. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[551]  Peter Olsson,et al.  Critical scaling of shear viscosity at the jamming transition. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[552]  E. Hinch,et al.  ‘Phase diagram’ of interfacial instabilities in a two-layer Couette flow and mechanism of the long-wave instability , 2000, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[553]  S. Fauve,et al.  Behavior of one inelastic ball bouncing repeatedly off the ground , 1998 .

[554]  James W. Dufty,et al.  Kinetic Theory and hydrodynamics for a Low Density Granular Gas , 2001, Adv. Complex Syst..

[555]  Influence of roughness and dilatancy for dense granular flow along an inclined wall , 2000 .

[556]  C. H. Liu,et al.  Force Fluctuations in Bead Packs , 1995, Science.

[557]  Andrés Santos,et al.  Hydrodynamics for granular flow at low density , 1998 .

[558]  Y. Forterre,et al.  A non-local rheology for dense granular flows , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[559]  N. Thomas,et al.  Relation between dry granular flow regimes and morphology of deposits: formation of levées in pyroclastic deposits , 2003, cond-mat/0312541.