A second‐order theory for k∥B0 electromagnetic instabilities

Electromagnetic instabilities which propagate parallel to an external magnetic field in an infinite, homogeneous Vlasov plasma are considered. Linear theory is used to construct second‐order expressions for the time rates of change of momentum, as well as perpendicular, parallel, and total energies of each plasma species. The results are expressed in a concise form appropriate for many instabilities of this type. The ion cyclotron (T⊥i≳T∥i) and firehose (T∥i≳T⊥i) instabilities are considered as examples.

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