This is what asthma looks like: Review of new and emerging functional imaging methods and results

ABSTRACT In asthma, diffuse and homogeneously distributed airway abnormalities have been thought responsible for symptoms and disease worsening, despite evidence over six-decades ago of ventilation heterogeneity using multiple-breath gas-washout studies. Such ventilation heterogeneity could stem from heterogeneously distributed airway abnormalities and, recently, pulmonary imaging including nuclear medicine methods, x-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has revealed focal ventilation defects and abnormal, heterogeneous ventilation patterns in asthmatics. In this review, we summarize pulmonary functional MRI findings that provide supportive evidence that in asthmatics, some ventilation abnormalities are temporally and spatially persistent while others come and go intermittently, but in the same, predictable spatial locations. Importantly, MRI ventilation defects also worsen in response to methacholine and exercise in the same spatial locations, despite differing underlying asthma response mechanisms, and in most patients, ventilation defects improve post-bronchodilator. In asthmatics, focal ventilation defects have been shown to be quantitatively and spatially related to airways with abnormal wall and lumen morphology, possibly stemming from remodelling, smooth muscle dysfunction and/or inflammation that may occur concurrently or independently. Finally, because MRI ventilation defects were also shown to be related to eosinophilic airway inflammation, asthma symptoms and disease control, we think MRI may be considered clinically to guide asthma therapy decisions in patients, to develop novel therapies and better understand mechanisms of asthma progression and therapy response in individual patients. RÉSUMÉ Dans l'asthme, on considère que des anomalies des voies respiratoires diffuses et réparties de manière homogène sont responsables des symptômes et de l'aggravation de la maladie, malgré le fait qu'il y a déjà soixante ans, les données probantes avaient démontré l'hétérogénéité de la ventilation dans le cadre d’études sur les lavements de gaz en respiration multiple. Cette hétérogénéité de la ventilation pourrait être attribuable à des anomalies des voies respiratoires réparties de manière hétérogène. Récemment, l'imagerie pulmonaire, y compris les méthodes de la médecine nucléaire, la tomographie à rayons X (CT) et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM), ont révélé l'existence d'anomalies de ventilation focales ainsi que des modes de ventilation anormaux et hétérogènes chez les asthmatiques. Dans cette étude, nous résumons les observations issues de l'IRM fonctionnelle du poumon qui présentent des données probantes attestant que chez les asthmatiques, certaines anomalies de ventilation sont temporellement et spatialement persistantes, tandis que d'autres apparaissent et disparaissent de manière intermittente, mais dans les mêmes locations spatiales prévisibles. Il importe de souligner que malgré des différences dans les mécanismes de réponse à l'asthme sous-jacents, les anomalies de ventilation observées par IRM s'aggravent dans les mêmes emplacements spatiaux en réponse à la méthacholine et à l'exercice et que chez la plupart des patients, les anomalies de ventilation s'améliorent après l'utilisation d'un bronchodilatateur. Il a été démontré que chez les asthmatiques, les anomalies de ventilation focales sont quantitativement et spatialement reliés à une morphologie anormale de la paroi et de la lumière des voies respiratoires possiblement attribuable à un remodelage, à un dysfonctionnement du muscle lisse ou à une inflammation, qui peuvent survenir simultanément ou indépendamment l'un de l'autre. Finalement, parce qu'il a aussi été démontré que les anomalies de ventilation observées par IRM sont liées à l'inflammation éosinophilique des voies respiratoires, aux symptômes de l'asthme et au contrôle de la maladie, nous croyons que l'IRM peut être envisagée cliniquement pour orienter les décisions concernant le traitement de l'asthme chez les patients, afin de développer des thérapies novatrices et mieux comprendre les mécanismes de progression de l'asthme et la réponse au traitement chez chaque patient.

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