The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective.

A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for >95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied. Geographic distribution and age estimates of alleles are compatible with two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migratory episode that have contributed to the modern European gene pool. A significant correlation between the NRY haplotype data and principal components based on 95 protein markers was observed, indicating the effectiveness of NRY binary polymorphisms in the characterization of human population composition and history.

[1]  Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza,et al.  The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. , 2009 .

[2]  H. Bandelt,et al.  mtDNA analysis reveals a major late Paleolithic population expansion from southwestern to northeastern Europe. , 1998, American journal of human genetics.

[3]  M. Feldman,et al.  Statistical properties of the variation at linked microsatellite loci: implications for the history of human Y chromosomes. , 1996, Molecular biology and evolution.

[4]  A. Bergen,et al.  An Asian–Native American paternal lineage identified by RPS4Y resequencing and by microsatellite haplotyping , 1999, Annals of human genetics.

[5]  Colin Renfrew,et al.  Archaeology and language , 1987 .

[6]  R. Whittaker,et al.  The Refugial Debate , 2000, Science.

[7]  R. Sukernik,et al.  Y chromosome polymorphisms in Native American and Siberian populations: identification of Native American Y chromosome haplotypes , 1997, Human Genetics.

[8]  L. Cavalli-Sforza,et al.  Demic expansions and human evolution , 1993, Science.

[9]  P. Menozzi,et al.  Synthetic maps of human gene frequencies in Europeans. , 1978, Science.

[10]  C. Gamble,et al.  The World at 18000 BP , 1990 .

[11]  D. F. Roberts,et al.  The History and Geography of Human Genes , 1996 .

[12]  M. Hammer,et al.  A recent insertion of an alu element on the Y chromosome is a useful marker for human population studies. , 1994, Molecular biology and evolution.

[13]  K. Kidd,et al.  Y‐chromosome specific YCAII, DYS19 and YAP polymorphisms in human populations: a comparative study , 1999, Annals of human genetics.

[14]  C. Tyler-Smith,et al.  Genetic relationships of Asians and Northern Europeans, revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis. , 1997, American journal of human genetics.

[15]  Li Jin,et al.  Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations , 2000, Nature Genetics.

[16]  B. Sykes,et al.  Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in western Europe , 1998, Annals of human genetics.

[17]  R. W. Davis,et al.  Population genetic implications from sequence variation in four Y chromosome genes. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  C. Renfrew,et al.  Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins , 1988, American Antiquity.

[19]  Eric Minch,et al.  Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans , 1998, Nature Genetics.

[20]  J. Sulston,et al.  Sequence variation of the human Y chromosome , 1995, Nature.

[21]  R. J. Mitchell,et al.  A polymorphic L1 retroposon insertion in the centromere of the human Y chromosome. , 2000, Human molecular genetics.

[22]  R J Mitchell,et al.  The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation. , 1997, Genetics.

[23]  R. W. Davis,et al.  Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. , 1997, Genome research.

[24]  O. Semino,et al.  A view of the neolithic demic diffusion in Europe through two Y chromosome-specific markers. , 1996, American journal of human genetics.

[25]  D N Stivers,et al.  Relative mutation rates at di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  A. Torroni,et al.  The emerging tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: a synthesis of control-region sequences and RFLPs. , 1999, American journal of human genetics.

[27]  V. Pascali,et al.  Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely neolithic ancestry of the European gene pool. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  H. Ostrer,et al.  Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.