Role of formal instruction and informal practice in learning to drive.

Learning to drive a motor vehicle is important for the mobility of the majority of people in industrialized countries. Although a great deal is known about the acquisition of psychomotor skills in the laboratory and in some other practical settings, there has been little scientific study of learning to drive. One major practical question concerns the value of formal tuition with a qualified instructor and informal practice with friends or relatives. This paper reports a cross-sectional study of 805 learner drivers in the UK who had undergone at least 5 h of formal tuition to examine associations between their history of formal tuition and practice and current levels of skill and confidence as assessed by both pupils and their instructors. The results indicated an increase in instructor ratings of pupil skill with both increasing practice and tuition. However, the relationship between tuition and instructor-rated skill was only observed in pupils who had had no practice. Pupils' self-confidence did not increase with either tuition or practice; instructors' feelings of confidence in and safety with the pupil increased with pupils' prior hours of practice but not tuition. Instructors' ratings of the likelihood that pupils would pass the driving test first time were positively associated with prior hours of practice and negatively associated with prior formal tuition. The results suggest that informal practice constitutes an important element of the process of learning to drive. Longitudinal and experimental studies are now required to confirm this finding and to establish whether recommendations should be made for a component of driving tuition involving supervised practice.