Antennas, Phantoms, and Body-Centric Propagation At Millimeter-Waves

This chapter reports the recent progress made on antennas, phantoms, and bodycentric propagation at millimeter-waves. It provides a review of recent achievements on experimental and numerical body modelling, wearable antennas for off-body and on-body communications, and body-centric propagation at millimeter-waves. The chapter discusses the numerical and experimental modeling of the human body and describes antennas for off-body communications and their interaction with the human body. From the electromagnetic viewpoint, human skin can be considered as an anisotropic multlayer dispersive structure made of three different layers, namely, epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat layer. Experimental and numerical phantoms have been described. These phantoms play a key role in the understanding of wearable antenna performance, propagation mechanisms on the human body, and absorbed power in the human body. The chapter discusses the on-body propagation, and describes several antenna designs specifically developed for on-body communications.