Data , Shapes , Symbols : Achieving Balance in School Mathematics

Mathematics is our “invisible culture” (Hammond 1978). Few people have any idea how much mathematics lies behind the artifacts and accoutrements of modern life. Nothing we use on a daily basis—houses, automobiles, bicycles, furniture, not to mention cell phones, computers, and Palm Pilots—would be possible without mathematics. Neither would our economy nor our democracy: national defense, Social Security, disaster relief, as well as political campaigns and voting, all depend on mathematical models and quantitative habits of mind.

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