Wood versus concrete and steel in house construction a life cycle assessment

The environmental friendliness of building materials can be measured in life cycle assessments of the total energy inputs for the product, from cradle to grave. How do the environmental costs of wood compare with concreteand steel in housing construction? First we compare energy values for each material and for house components. Taking the viewpoint of a consumer, we then compare three typical houses in which steel, concrete, or wood is the dominant component. It appears that wood, wood components, and houses built primarily of wood require lesseramounts of energy in their manufacture, assembly, and operation. The robustness ofthe conclusions is shown by the degree of agreement among researchers and through an assessment of the impact of uncertainties in the analysis.