Situation awareness catches on: what? so what? now what?

Human factors/ergonomics professionals regularly study the situation awareness (SA) problems of pilots, air traffic controllers, automobile drivers, power plant workers, ambulance dispatchers, urban search and rescue professionals, and unmanned vehicle operators, to mention a few. The challenge has been to define SA operationally and devise measurement strategies that focus on attention and recall on the one hand and relevant actions on the other. Although there have been many successes, challenges remain. This review is organized in three parts. Under "What?" we discuss definitions of SA, their interpretations in terms of human information processing and ecological psychological theories, as well as techniques for measuring SA. Under "So what?" we introduce SA applications'information requirements, technological tools, and training systems'that support the way people work and live. Finally, under "Now what?" we discuss future directions for SA research. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en

[1]  E. Donchin,et al.  The space fortress game , 1989 .

[2]  Nadine B. Sarter,et al.  How in the World Did We Ever Get into That Mode? Mode Error and Awareness in Supervisory Control , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[3]  Elliot E. Entin,et al.  Assessing Team Situation Awareness in Simulated Military Missions , 2000 .

[4]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  Using Eye Movements in Driving Simulators to Evaluate Effects of PC-Based Risk Awareness Training , 2004 .

[5]  Lois M. L. Delcambre,et al.  Bundles in the Wild: Managing Information to Solve Problems and Maintain Situation Awareness , 2000, Libr. Trends.

[6]  Jean Scholtz,et al.  Evaluation of human-robot interaction awareness in search and rescue , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004.

[7]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Tactical Displays for Combat Awareness: An Examination of Dimensionality and Frame of Reference Concepts and the Application of Cognitive Engineering , 2000 .

[8]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  A Computational Model of Attention/Situation Awareness , 2002 .

[9]  Carryl L. Baldwin,et al.  Auditory In-Vehicle Routing and Navigation Systems and Facilitating Cognitive Map Development , 2004 .

[10]  Marilyn Jager Adams,et al.  Situation Awareness and the Cognitive Management of Complex Systems , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[11]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement , 1988 .

[12]  Richard Mogford,et al.  Controller Situation Awareness in Free Flight , 1997 .

[13]  Klaus Eyferth,et al.  Securing future ATM-concepts' safety by measuring situation awareness in ATC , 2003 .

[14]  Frank A. Drews,et al.  What do Drivers Fail to See When Conversing on a Cell Phone? , 2004 .

[15]  Michael Venturino.  Interference and Information Organization in Keeping Track of Continually Changing Information , 1997, Hum. Factors.

[16]  T R Carretta,et al.  Prediction of situational awareness in F-15 pilots. , 1996, The International journal of aviation psychology.

[17]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Situation Awareness and Workload in Aviation , 2002 .

[18]  C. Chabris,et al.  Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events , 1999, Perception.

[19]  Mark L. Hanson,et al.  On-Line Situation Assessment for Unmanned Air Vehicles , 2001, FLAIRS Conference.

[20]  Eric Ruthruff,et al.  Visual Search in Complex Displays: Factors Affecting Conflict Detection by Air Traffic Controllers , 2000, Hum. Factors.

[21]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Examining the Validity of Real-Time Probes as a Metric of Situation Awareness , 2000 .

[22]  Frank A. Drews,et al.  Passenger and Cell-Phone Conversations in Simulated Driving , 2004 .

[23]  Laura D. Strater,et al.  PC-Based Tools to Improve Infantry Situation Awareness , 2004 .

[24]  D Gopher,et al.  A Selective Attention Test as a Predictor of Success in Flight Training , 1982, Human factors.

[25]  U. Neisser,et al.  Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[26]  H. Simon,et al.  Perception in chess , 1973 .

[27]  Paula J. Durlach,et al.  Change Blindness and Its Implications for Complex Monitoring and Control Systems Design and Operator Training , 2004, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[28]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Designing for Situation Awareness : An Approach to User-Centered Design , 2003 .

[29]  D. Yntema,et al.  Remembering the present states of a number of variables. , 1960, Journal of experimental psychology.

[30]  Michael P. Snow,et al.  Comparison of Two Situation Awareness Metrics: SAGAT and SA-SWORD , 2000 .

[31]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  The Designer's Situation Awareness Toolkit: Support for User-Centered Design , 2004 .

[32]  John M. Flach,et al.  Situation Awareness: In Search of Meaning , 1996 .

[33]  Robin R. Murphy,et al.  Human-robot interactions during the robot-assisted urban search and rescue response at the World Trade Center , 2003, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B.

[34]  Michael A. Vidulich,et al.  The Relationship between Mental Workload and Situation Awareness , 2000 .

[35]  Jason S. McCarley,et al.  Oculomotor behaviour as a reflection of attention and memory processes: Neural mechanisms and applications to human factors , 2003 .

[36]  David E. Irwin,et al.  Conversation Disrupts Change Detection in Complex Traffic Scenes , 2004, Hum. Factors.

[37]  Sion Jennings,et al.  Flight-Test of a Tactile Situational Awareness System in a Land-based Deck Landing Task , 2004 .

[38]  Simon Banbury,et al.  Interruption and Reorientation Effects of a Situation Awareness Probe on Driving Hazard Anticipation , 2004 .

[39]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Long-term working memory. , 1995, Psychological review.

[40]  Katherine A. Wilson,et al.  Crew Resource Management Training Research, Practice, and Lessons Learned: , 2006 .

[41]  Stephanie M. Doane,et al.  Memory Processes of Flight Situation Awareness: Interactive Roles of Working Memory Capacity, Long-Term Working Memory, and Expertise , 2004, Hum. Factors.

[42]  Daniel T. Levin,et al.  Unseen and Unaware: Implications of Recent Research on Failures of Visual Awareness for Human-Computer Interface Design , 2004, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[43]  Kevin B. Bennett,et al.  Representation Aiding to Support Performance on Problem-Solving Tasks: , 2006 .

[44]  John M. Flach,et al.  Situation Awareness: Proceed with Caution , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[45]  Dwayne R. Westenskow,et al.  An integrated graphic data display improves detection and identification of critical events during anesthesia , 1997, Journal of Clinical Monitoring.

[46]  Carl Gutwin,et al.  A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time Groupware , 2002, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[47]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Shared Information Between Pilots and Controllers in Tactical Air Traffic Control , 2000 .

[48]  Stephanie Guerlain,et al.  Assessing team performance in the operating room: development and use of a "black-box" recorder and other tools for the intraoperative environment. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[49]  Richard D. Gilson.  Special Issue Preface , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[50]  A. Williams,et al.  Perceptual and Cognitive Skill Development in Soccer: The Multidimensional Nature of Expert Performance , 2003 .