Analysis of Trupak and Bakholdin Formulas for Temperature Field of Single-Row-Pipe Frozen Soil Wall

A comparative study of the temperature field calculated by the Trupak(Трупак)and Bakholdin(Бахолдин)formulas with that simulated by FEM software shows the shortcomings of the Trupak formulas for frozen soil wall of single-row pipes.Discussion on the applicability of the calcu-lating method for frozen wall thickness by the Trupak and the Bakholdin formulas based on the temperature measured indicates that the Trupak formulas are accurate before the frozen soil columns merge,whereas the Bakholdin formulas are suitable after the frozen soil columns merge.