SmartDeal: Re-Modeling Deep Network Weights for Efficient Inference and Training

The record-breaking performance of deep neural networks (DNNs) comes with heavy parameter budgets, which lead to external dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) for storage. The prohibitive energy of DRAM accesses makes it non-trivial for DNN deployment on resource-constrained devices, calling for minimizing the movements of weights and data in order to improve the energy efficiency. Driven by this critical bottleneck, we present SmartDeal, a hardware-friendly algorithm framework to trade higher-cost memory storage/access for lowercost computation, in order to aggressively boost the storage and energy efficiency, for both DNN inference and training. The core technique of SmartDeal is a novel DNN weight matrix decomposition framework with respective structural constraints on each matrix factor, carefully crafted to unleash the hardwareaware efficiency potential. Specifically, we decompose each weight tensor as the product of a small basis matrix and a large structurally sparse coefficient matrix whose non-zero elements are readily quantized to power-of-2. The resulting sparse and readilyquantized DNNs enjoy greatly reduced energy consumption in data movement as well as weight storage, while incurring minimal overhead to recover the original weights thanks to the required sparse bit-operations and cost favorable computations. Beyond inference, we take another leap to embrace energy-efficient training, by introducing several innovative techniques to address the unique roadblocks arising in training while preserving the SmartDeal structures. We also design a dedicated hardware accelerator to fully utilize the new weight structure to improve the real energy efficiency and latency performance. We conduct experiments on both vision and language tasks, with nine models, four datasets, and three settings (inference-only, adaptation, and fine-tuning). Our extensive results show that: 1) being applied to inference, SmartDeal achieves up to 2.44× improvement in energy efficiency as evaluated via real hardware implementations; 2) being applied to training, SmartDeal can lead to 10.56× and 4.48× reduction in the storage and the training energy cost, respectively, with usually negligible accuracy loss, compared to state-of-the-art training baselines. Our source codes are available at: https://github.com/VITA-Group/SmartDeal.