mRNA localization: message on the move

Cytoplasmic messenger RNA localization is a key post-transcriptional mechanism of establishing spatially restricted protein synthesis. The characterization of cis-acting signals within localized mRNAs, and the identification of trans-acting factors that recognize these signals, has opened avenues towards identifying the machinery and mechanisms involved in mRNA transport and localization.

[1]  M. Kloc,et al.  Joint action of two RNA degradation pathways controls the timing of maternal transcript elimination at the midblastula transition in Drosophila melanogaster , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[2]  Robert H. Singer,et al.  The cytoskeleton and mRNA localization. , 1992 .

[3]  A. Fulton,et al.  Assembly of Tropomyosin Isoforms into the Cytoskeleton of Avian Muscle Cells , 1998, Pediatric Research.

[4]  R. Singer,et al.  The travels of mRNAs through all cells large and small , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[5]  B. Haarer,et al.  Identification of MYO4, a second class V myosin gene in yeast. , 1994, Journal of cell science.

[6]  W. Isaacs,et al.  Assembly of vimentin in cultured cells varies with cell type. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[7]  Daniela Avossa,et al.  Transport and Localization Elements in Myelin Basic Protein mRNA , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[8]  R. Cohen,et al.  The role of oocyte transcription, the 5'UTR, and translation repression and derepression in Drosophila gurken mRNA and protein localization. , 1999, Molecular cell.

[9]  T. Hazelrigg,et al.  Implications for bcd mRNA localization from spatial distribution of exu protein in Drosophila oogenesis , 1994, Nature.

[10]  B. Schnapp.  RNA localization: A glimpse of the machinery , 1999, Current Biology.

[11]  R. Lehmann,et al.  Localization of oskar RNA regulates oskar translation and requires Oskar protein. , 1995, Development.

[12]  R. Jansen,et al.  She2p, a novel RNA‐binding protein tethers ASH1 mRNA to the Myo4p myosin motor via She3p , 2000, The EMBO journal.

[13]  R. Singer,et al.  Requirement of microfilaments in sorting of actin messenger RNA. , 1991, Science.

[14]  R. Vale,et al.  The myosin motor, Myo4p, binds Ash1 mRNA via the adapter protein, She3p. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  Joohun Lee,et al.  mRNAs for Microtubule Proteins Are Specifically Colocalized during the Sequential Formation of Basal Body, Flagella, and Cytoskeletal Microtubules in the Differentiation of Naegleria gruberi , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[16]  V. Tuohy,et al.  Visinin-like Protein (VILIP) Is a Neuron-specific Calcium-dependent Double-stranded RNA-binding Protein* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  Dietmar Kuhl,et al.  Dendritic localization of mRNAs , 1998, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[18]  S. Lall,et al.  Squid hnRNP Protein Promotes Apical Cytoplasmic Transport and Localization of Drosophila Pair-Rule Transcripts , 1999, Cell.

[19]  Sunjong Kwon,et al.  RNA trafficking in myelinating cells , 1998, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[20]  D. Melton,et al.  A two-step model for the localization of maternal mRNA in Xenopus oocytes: involvement of microtubules and microfilaments in the translocation and anchoring of Vg1 mRNA. , 1990, Development.

[21]  C. Turck,et al.  Isolation of a Ribonucleoprotein Complex Involved in mRNA Localization in Drosophila Oocytes , 2000, The Journal of cell biology.

[22]  J. Carson,et al.  Protein translation components are colocalized in granules in oligodendrocytes. , 1995, Journal of cell science.

[23]  Kim Nasmyth,et al.  ASH1 mRNA localization in yeast involves multiple secondary structural elementsand Ash1 protein translation , 1999, Current Biology.

[24]  P. Macdonald,et al.  Redundant RNA recognition events in bicoid mRNA localization. , 1997, RNA.

[25]  M. Kiebler,et al.  Microtubule-dependent recruitment of Staufen-green fluorescent protein into large RNA-containing granules and subsequent dendritic transport in living hippocampal neurons. , 1999, Molecular biology of the cell.

[26]  J. L. Smith,et al.  RNA regulatory element BLE1 directs the early steps of bicoid mRNA localization. , 1993, Development.

[27]  J. Hesketh,et al.  Targeting of c-myc and beta-globin coding sequences to cytoskeletal-bound polysomes by c-myc 3' untranslated region. , 1994, The Biochemical journal.

[28]  Jason R. Swedlow,et al.  Actin-dependent localization of an RNA encoding a cell-fate determinant in yeast , 1997, Nature.

[29]  A. Git,et al.  RNA-binding protein conserved in both microtubule- and microfilament-based RNA localization. , 1998, Genes & development.

[30]  I. Mattaj,et al.  Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the soluble phase. , 1998, Annual review of biochemistry.

[31]  James O. Deshler,et al.  A highly conserved RNA-binding protein for cytoplasmic mRNA localization in vertebrates , 1998, Current Biology.

[32]  N. Hecht,et al.  The suppression of testis-brain RNA binding protein and kinesin heavy chain disrupts mRNA sorting in dendrites. , 1999, Journal of cell science.

[33]  Oswald Steward,et al.  Synaptic Activation Causes the mRNA for the IEG Arc to Localize Selectively near Activated Postsynaptic Sites on Dendrites , 1998, Neuron.

[34]  R. Singer,et al.  Localization of ASH1 mRNA particles in living yeast. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[35]  D. St Johnston,et al.  A conserved double-stranded RNA-binding domain. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  P. Macdonald,et al.  exl protein specifically binds BLE1, a bicoid mRNA localization element, and is required for one phase of its activity. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  John R. Pringle,et al.  Bni1p, a Yeast Formin Linking Cdc42p and the Actin Cytoskeleton During Polarized Morphogenesis , 1997, Science.

[38]  M. Kikyo,et al.  Bni1p Regulates Microtubule-Dependent Nuclear Migration through the Actin Cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[39]  M. Kloc,et al.  Delocalization of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA , 1994 .

[40]  D. Melton,et al.  Vegetal messenger RNA localization directed by a 340-nt RNA sequence element in Xenopus oocytes. , 1992, Science.

[41]  K. Kosik,et al.  Neurotrophin-3 signals redistribute RNA in neurons. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  W. J. Lucas,et al.  Plant paralog to viral movement protein that potentiates transport of mRNA into the phloem. , 1999, Science.

[43]  R. Kelley,et al.  Specific isoforms of squid, a Drosophila hnRNP, perform distinct roles in Gurken localization during oogenesis. , 1999, Genes & development.

[44]  A. Pastore,et al.  Novel RNA-binding motif: the KH module. , 1999, Biopolymers.

[45]  O. Steward,et al.  Polyribosomes associated with synaptic specializations on axon initial segments: localization of protein-synthetic machinery at inhibitory synapses , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[46]  K. Kosik,et al.  Sorting of β-Actin mRNA and Protein to Neurites and Growth Cones in Culture , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[47]  R. M. Marión,et al.  A Human Sequence Homologue of Staufen Is an RNA-Binding Protein That Is Associated with Polysomes and Localizes to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[48]  C. Jacq,et al.  In Yeast, the 3′ Untranslated Region or the Presequence ofATM1 Is Required for the Exclusive Localization of Its mRNA to the Vicinity of Mitochondria , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[49]  J. Derisi,et al.  Plasma membrane compartmentalization in yeast by messenger RNA transport and a septin diffusion barrier. , 2000, Science.

[50]  E C Stephenson,et al.  Microtubules mediate the localization of bicoid RNA during Drosophila oogenesis. , 1991, Development.

[51]  P. Lasko,et al.  RNA sorting in Drosophila oocytes and embryos , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[52]  M. L. King,et al.  A mRNA localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes encodes a protein with a nanos-like zinc finger domain. , 1993, Development.

[53]  W. Saxton,et al.  Kinesin mutations cause motor neuron disease phenotypes by disrupting fast axonal transport in Drosophila. , 1996, Genetics.

[54]  R. Vale,et al.  The myosin motor , Myo 4 p , binds Ash 1 mRNA via the adapter protein , She 3 p , 2000 .

[55]  J. Brosius,et al.  Activity-dependent Regulation of Dendritic BC1 RNA in Hippocampal Neurons in Culture , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[56]  W. Saxton,et al.  A function for kinesin I in the posterior transport of oskar mRNA and Staufen protein. , 2000, Science.

[57]  M. Kiebler,et al.  Molecular Insights into mRNA Transport and Local Translation in the Mammalian Nervous System , 2000, Neuron.

[58]  R. Singer,et al.  Characterization of a beta-actin mRNA zipcode-binding protein , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[59]  P. Crino,et al.  Molecular Characterization of the Dendritic Growth Cone: Regulated mRNA Transport and Local Protein Synthesis , 1996, Neuron.

[60]  R. Cohen,et al.  A small predicted stem-loop structure mediates oocyte localization of Drosophila K10 mRNA. , 1995, Development.

[61]  R. Vale,et al.  RNA on the move: the mRNA localization pathway [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1993 Dec;123(6 Pt 1):1625] , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[62]  R. Lehmann,et al.  oskar organizes the germ plasm and directs localization of the posterior determinant nanos , 1991, Cell.

[63]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner , 1988, Cell.

[64]  M. Kloc,et al.  Delocalization of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA. , 1994, Science.

[65]  Gabriele Varani,et al.  RNA recognition by a Staufen double‐stranded RNA‐binding domain , 2000, The EMBO journal.

[66]  G. Struhl,et al.  Cis- acting sequences responsible for anterior localization of bicoid mRNA in Drosophila embryos , 1988, Nature.

[67]  Y. Jan,et al.  Staufen: a common component of mRNA transport in oocytes and neurons? , 2000, Trends in cell biology.

[68]  T. Kress,et al.  A Xenopus protein related to hnRNP I has a role in cytoplasmic RNA localization. , 1999, Molecular cell.

[69]  C. Cote,et al.  Two copies of a subelement from the Vg1 RNA localization sequence are sufficient to direct vegetal localization in Xenopus oocytes. , 1997, Development.

[70]  K. Hoek,et al.  hnRNP A2 selectively binds the cytoplasmic transport sequence of myelin basic protein mRNA. , 1998, Biochemistry.

[71]  M. L. King,et al.  Localization of Xcat-2 RNA, a putative germ plasm component, to the mitochondrial cloud in Xenopus stage I oocytes. , 1996, Development.

[72]  R. Singer,et al.  Sequences responsible for intracellular localization of beta-actin messenger RNA also affect cell phenotype , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[73]  H. Lipshitz,et al.  RNA localization in development. , 1998, Annual review of biochemistry.

[74]  G. Schatz,et al.  An ABC transporter in the mitochondrial inner membrane is required for normal growth of yeast. , 1995, The EMBO journal.

[75]  E. Schuman,et al.  mRNA Trafficking and Local Protein Synthesis at the Synapse , 1999, Neuron.

[76]  T. Okita,et al.  Messenger RNA targeting of rice seed storage proteins to specific ER subdomains , 2000, Nature.

[77]  G. Dreyfuss,et al.  Transport of Proteins and RNAs in and out of the Nucleus , 1999, Cell.

[78]  T. Deerinck,et al.  Translocation of RNA Granules in Living Neurons , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[79]  R. Singer,et al.  Structural elements required for the localization of ASH1 mRNA and of a green fluorescent protein reporter particle in vivo , 1999, Current Biology.

[80]  Louise Wickham,et al.  Mammalian Staufen Is a Double-Stranded-RNA- and Tubulin-Binding Protein Which Localizes to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[81]  R. Singer.  RNA zipcodes for cytoplasmic addresses , 1993, Current Biology.

[82]  M. Kloc,et al.  fatvg encodes a new localized RNA that uses a 25-nucleotide element (FVLE1) to localize to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. , 1999, Development.

[83]  D. St Johnston,et al.  Distinct roles of two conserved Staufen domains in oskar mRNA localization and translation , 2000, The EMBO journal.

[84]  R. Singer,et al.  She2p is a novel RNA‐binding protein that recruits the Myo4p–She3p complex to ASH1 mRNA , 2000, The EMBO journal.

[85]  M. Kloc,et al.  The targeting of Xcat2 mRNA to the germinal granules depends on a cis-acting germinal granule localization element within the 3'UTR. , 2000, Developmental biology.

[86]  E. R. Gavis,et al.  Role for mRNA localization in translational activation but not spatial restriction of nanos RNA. , 1999, Development.

[87]  E. Schuman,et al.  Synapse Specificity and Long-Term Information Storage , 1997, Neuron.

[88]  R. Ray,et al.  Localization of gurken RNA in Drosophila oogenesis requires elements in the 5' and 3' regions of the transcript. , 2000, Developmental biology.

[89]  Daniel St Johnston,et al.  staufen, a gene required to localize maternal RNAs in the Drosophila egg , 1991, Cell.

[90]  R. Jansen.  RNA–cytoskeletal associations , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[91]  Dominique Ferrandon,et al.  Staufen protein associates with the 3′UTR of bicoid mRNA to form particles that move in a microtubule-dependent manner , 1994, Cell.

[92]  R. Lehmann,et al.  Localization of nanos RNA controls embryonic polarity , 1992, Cell.

[93]  K Takahashi,et al.  Rho1p-Bni1p-Spa2p interactions: implication in localization of Bni1p at the bud site and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1998, Molecular biology of the cell.

[94]  E. Salmon,et al.  Localization and anchoring of mRNA in budding yeast , 1999, Current Biology.

[95]  J. Carson,et al.  Transport and localization of exogenous myelin basic protein mRNA microinjected into oligodendrocytes , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[96]  O. Aït-Ahmed,et al.  Implication of a 5′ coding sequence in targeting maternal mRNA to the Drosophila oocyte , 1997, Mechanisms of Development.

[97]  A. Michon,et al.  Requirement for Drosophila cytoplasmic tropomyosin in oskar mRNA localization , 1995, Nature.

[98]  K. Nasmyth,et al.  Mating type switching in yeast controlled by asymmetric localization of ASH1 mRNA. , 1997, Science.

[99]  E Westhof,et al.  RNA–RNA interaction is required for the formation of specific bicoid mRNA 3′ UTR–STAUFEN ribonucleoprotein particles , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[100]  B. Schnapp,et al.  Localization of Xenopus Vg1 mRNA by Vera protein and the endoplasmic reticulum. , 1997, Science.

[101]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The molecular motor dynein is involved in targeting Swallow and bicoid RNA to the anterior pole of Drosophila oocytes , 2000, Nature Cell Biology.

[102]  A. Ephrussi,et al.  Cytoplasmic flows localize injected oskar RNA in Drosophila oocytes , 1997, Current Biology.

[103]  J. Hesketh,et al.  Nuclear Import of Metallothionein Requires Its mRNA to Be Associated with the Perinuclear Cytoskeleton* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[104]  N. Hecht,et al.  Mouse Testis Brain Ribonucleic Acid-Binding Protein/Translin Colocalizes with Microtubules and Is Immunoprecipitated with Messenger Ribonucleic Acids Encoding Myelin Basic Protein, α Calmodulin Kinase II, and Protamines 1 and 21 , 2000, Biology of reproduction.