On the effect of broadband, multi-angular excitation and detection in guided-mode resonance biosensors

Guided mode resonance biosensors are of emerging interest as they allow integration on chip with fabrication on mass scale. The guided mode resonances (GMRs), observed in the transmission or reflection spectrum, are sensitive to refractive index changes in the vicinity of the photonic crystal (PhC) surface. Standard measurement setups utilize a collecting lens, focusing the extracted light intensity onto a single-point photo detector. In order to achieve highly miniaturized devices, we consider the integration of planar emitting and detector structures, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photo detectors (OPDs), together with the PhC based biosensors, on a single chip. This approach, however, consequently leads to a broadband, multi-angular light excitation as well as to a broadband and multi-angular contribution to the OPD photon count. While GMR effects in PhC slabs with directional light sources have been widely studied, this lens-less scenario requires a deep understanding regarding the broadband and the angular influence of both incident and reflected or transmitted light. We performed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations for GMR effects in two-dimensional (2D) PhC slabs. We study the effects for broadband emission in the visible spectrum, together with an angular incident beam divergence of up to 80°. We verified the simulated results by performing angle-resolved spectral measurements with a light emitting diode (LED) in a macroscopic, lens-less setup. We further utilize this numerical setup to provide a deeper understanding of the modal behaviour of our proposed OLED and OPD-based integrated biosensor concept.

[1]  R. Fair,et al.  An integrated digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for clinical diagnostics on human physiological fluids. , 2004, Lab on a chip.

[2]  Shanhui Fan,et al.  Analysis of guided resonances in photonic crystal slabs , 2002 .

[3]  B. Cunningham,et al.  Colorimetric resonant reflection as a direct biochemical assay technique , 2002, Technical Digest. MEMS 2002 IEEE International Conference. Fifteenth IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Cat. No.02CH37266).

[4]  Andrew Glidle,et al.  Photonic Crystal Structures in Molecular Biosensing , 2010 .

[5]  R. Magnusson.  Resonant Leaky‐Mode Periodic Lattices for Spectral Filtering and Biosensing Applications , 2007 .

[6]  J. G. E. Gardeniers,et al.  Lab-On-A-Chip Systems For Biomedical And Environmental Monitoring , 2003, Int. J. Comput. Eng. Sci..

[7]  X. Letartre,et al.  Broadband and compact 2-D photonic crystal reflectors with controllable polarization dependence , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[8]  M. Ziegler,et al.  UV capillary force lithography for multiscale structures , 2012 .

[9]  Robert Magnusson,et al.  Photonic devices enabled by waveguide-mode resonance effects in periodically modulated films , 2003, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[10]  Brian T Cunningham,et al.  Photonic Crystal Surfaces as a General Purpose Platform for Label-Free and Fluorescent Assays , 2010, JALA.

[11]  Martina Gerken,et al.  Photonic crystal biosensors towards on‐chip integration , 2012, Journal of biophotonics.

[12]  S Tibuleac,et al.  High-efficiency guided-mode resonance filter. , 1998, Optics letters.

[13]  Weidong Zhou,et al.  Polarization- and angle-dependent characteristics in two dimensional photonic crystal membrane reflectors , 2013 .

[14]  A. M. Jorgensen,et al.  Lab-on-a-chip with integrated optical transducers. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[15]  M. Gerken,et al.  Large-scale patterning of indium tin oxide electrodes for guided mode extraction from organic light-emitting diodes , 2008 .