Preoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor β1 strongly predict clinical outcome in patients with bladder carcinoma

Elevated local and circulating levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 have been associated with cancer invasion, progression, and metastasis. The authors tested the hypothesis that preoperative plasma TGF‐β1 levels would independently predict cancer stage and prognosis in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder.

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