Fingerprint image analysis: role of orientation patch and ridge structure dictionaries

Biometric traits, such as palmprint (Duta et al. 2002) and fingerprint (Jain et al. 1997), refer to distinctive anotomical and behavioral characteristics for automatic human identification. Fingerprints, which are ridge and valley patterns on the tip of a human finger, are one of the most important biometric traits due to their known uniqueness and persistence properties (Maltoni et al. 2009). Since the advent of fingerprints for identifying and tracing criminals in Argentina in 1893 (Hawthorne 2008), fingerprints have been primarily used as evidence in law enforcement and forensics. After the first paper on automated fingerprint matching was published by Mitchell Trauring (Trauring 1963) in Nature in 1963, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) installed the first Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) in the 1980. Now large scale fingerprint recognition systems are not only used worldwide by law enforcement and forensic agencies, they are also beginning to be deployed in civilian applications, such as (i) the OBIM (formerly the US-VISIT) program by the Department of Homeland Security (Department of Homeland Security 2014), and (ii) India’s Aadhar project (Planning Commission, Goverment of India 2014). In 2013, the TouchID system (Apple, Inc. 2014) in the Apple iPhone 5s for authenticating mobile phone users launched the application of fingerprint in mobile devices. Some major milestones in the history of fingerprint recognition are illustrated in Fig.1.1. The purported uniqueness of fingerprints is characterized in terms of three levels of features (Maltoni et al. 2009) (see Fig. 1.2). Level 1 features include the general ridge flow and pattern configurations such as pattern type, ridge orientation and frequency fields, and singular points (core and delta points). While level 1 features are not sufficient for individualization, they can be used for exclusion (the outcomes of comparing a fingerprint pair are one of three possibilities: match, inconclusive and exclusion). Level 2 features mainly

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