Judahite Stamped and Incised Jar Handles: A Tool for Studying the History of Late Monarchic Judah

Abstract The paper probes the distribution of the various stamped and incised Judahite jars with two criteria in mind: (1) their estimated date; (2) the assumption that in addition to Jerusalem, sites that yielded large quantities of stamped handles (mainly lachish and Ramat Rahel) served as major collection centres while sites that yielded only a few dozen stamped handles served as secondary administrative centres of the kingdom. Based on their findings, the authors reconstruct the evolution of the royal administrative system in the late 8th through the early 6th centuries BCE.

[1]  N. Na’aman The Kingdom of Judah Under Josiah , 1991 .

[2]  D. Master Trade and Politics: Ashkelon's Balancing Act in the Seventh Century B. C. E. , 2003, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[3]  J. Pritchard,et al.  Hebrew inscriptions and stamps from gibeon , 1960 .

[4]  N. Na’aman,et al.  Dating the Appearance of Imitations of Assyrian Ware in Southern Palestine , 2006 .

[5]  H. Tadmor Philistia under Assyrian Rule , 1966, The Biblical Archaeologist.

[6]  Shlomo Bunimovitz,et al.  The Archaeology of Border Communities: Renewed Excavations at Tel Beth-Shemesh, Part 1: The Iron Age , 2009, Near Eastern Archaeology.

[7]  Yifat Thareani-Sussely The 'Archaeology of the Days of Manasseh' Reconsidered in the Light of Evidence From The Beersheba Valley , 2007 .

[8]  N. Na’aman Hezekiah and the Kings of Assyria , 1994 .

[9]  M. Richelle Review of Ahituv, Shmuel, , Echoes from the Past. Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical World (trans. A. Rainey; Jerusalem: Carta, 2008). , 2010 .

[10]  I. Finkelstein,et al.  The Judahite Shephelah in the Late 8th and Early 7th Centuries BCE , 2004 .

[11]  Nelson Glueck,et al.  Ain Shems Excavations , 1937 .

[12]  D. E. Wilson The pottery and small finds , 1999 .

[13]  Universiṭah ha-ʿIvrit bi-Yerushalayim,et al.  Excavations at Ramat Raḥel : seasons 1959 and 1960 , 1962 .

[14]  R. Macalister ["The excavation of Gezer: 1902-1905 and 1907-1909, vol. 2"] , 1912 .

[15]  Yifat Thareani-Sussely Ancient Caravanserais: An Archaeological View from 'Aroer , 2007 .

[16]  A. Faust Settlement and Demography in Seventh-Century Judah and the Extent and Intensity of Sennacherib's Campaign , 2008 .

[17]  E. Sellin,et al.  Jericho : die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen , 1973 .

[18]  N. Lapp The Third Campaign at Tell el-Ful: The Excavations of 1964 , 1978 .

[19]  D. Ussishkin The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars , 1977 .

[20]  Moshe Kochavi Khirbet Rabûd = Debir , 1974 .

[21]  Ann E. Killebrew Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969‐1982. Volume II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X‐2 Final Report – By Hillel Geva , 2007 .

[22]  I. Finkelstein,et al.  The Sheshonq I Campaign and the 8th-Century BCE Earthquake-more on the Archaeology and History of the South in the Iron I-IIa , 2006 .

[23]  I. Beit-Arieh Excavation at Ramat Matred: An EB II Site in the Negev Highlands , 1999 .

[24]  N. Na’aman Two notes on the history of Ashkelon and Ekron in the late eighth-seventh centuries B.C.E. , 1998 .

[25]  Oded Lipschitz,et al.  The Yehud Stamp Impressions: A Corpus of Inscribed Impressions from the Persian and Hellenistic Periods in Judah , 2011 .

[26]  Sellers,et al.  The Citadel of Beth Zur , 1933 .

[27]  N. Na’aman Sennacherib's Campaign to Judah and the Date of the lmlk Stamps , 1979 .

[28]  Lawrence A. Sinclair An Archaeological Study of Gibeah (Tell el-Fûl) , 1964, The Biblical Archaeologist.

[29]  I. Finkelstein Gezer Revisited and Revised , 2002 .

[30]  Nadav Naʾaman When and How Did Jerusalem Become a Great City? The Rise of Jerusalem as Judah's Premier City in the Eighth-Seventh Centuries B.C.E. , 2007, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[31]  A. Maeir,et al.  Pre-lmlk Jars: A New Class of Iron Age IIA Storage Jars , 2003 .

[32]  A. Parrot W. G. Dever, H. D. Lange, R. G. Bullard, D. F. Cole, J. D. Seger, Gezer II. Report of the 1967-70 Seasons in Field I and II. Hebrew Union College, Jérusalem, 1974. , 1975 .

[33]  J. Pritchard Gibeon, Where the Sun Stood Still: The Discovery of the Biblical City , 1962 .

[34]  Joe D. Seger,et al.  Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium BCE , 2003 .

[35]  R. Reich,et al.  Gezer Under Assyrian Rule , 1985 .

[36]  A. Fantalkin The Final Destruction of Beth Shemesh and the Pax Assyriaca in the Judahite Shephelah: An Alternative View , 2004 .

[37]  Shlomo Bunimovitz,et al.  The Final Destruction of Beth Shemesh and the Pax Assyriaca in the Judean Shephelah , 2003 .

[38]  L. Singer-Avitz Arad: The Iron Age Pottery Assemblages , 2002 .

[39]  W. F. Albright A New Campaign of Excavation at Gibeah of Saul , 1933, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[40]  N. Na’aman Ekron under the Assyrian and Egyptian empires , 2003 .

[41]  H. D. Lance The Royal Stamps and the Kingdom of Josiah , 1971, Harvard Theological Review.

[42]  Omer Sergi,et al.  Royal Judahite Jar Handles: Reconsidering the Chronology of the lmlk Stamp Impressions , 2010 .

[43]  W. Rast,et al.  Ashdod II-III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963, 1965, Soundings in 1967 , 1973 .

[44]  Elena M. Sliepcevich ECHOES FROM THE PAST , 1960 .

[45]  Yuval Gadot,et al.  PALACE AND VILLAGE, PARADISE AND OBLIVION: Unraveling the Riddles of Ramat Raḥel , 2011, Near Eastern Archaeology.

[46]  J. Hardin,et al.  Southwestern Judah in the Late Eighth Century B. C. E. , 2002, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[47]  Y. Garfinkel 2 Chr 11:5-10 Fortified Cities List and the lmlk Stamps: Reply to Nadav Naʾaman , 1988, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[48]  A. Faust,et al.  Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic System of the Seventh Century B.C.E. , 2005, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[49]  Marianne Sullivan,et al.  “Like a Bird in a Cage” , 2005, Journal of interpersonal violence.

[50]  N. Na’aman Population Changes in Palestine Following Assyrian Deportations , 1993 .

[51]  N. Na¸Aman Sennacherib's Campaign To Judah and the Date of the Lmlk Stamps , 1979 .

[52]  E. A. Knauf The Glorious Days of Manasseh , 2007 .

[53]  L. Grabbe Like a bird in a cage : the invasion of Sennacherib in 701 BCE , 2003 .

[54]  Gary A. Rendsburg Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period. Shmuel Ahituv and Anson F. Rainey. , 2010 .

[55]  B. Mazar,et al.  Excavations in the south of the Temple Mount : the Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem , 1989 .

[56]  Andrew G. Vaughn,et al.  Theology, History, and Archaeology in the Chronicler's Account of Hezekiah , 1999 .

[57]  I. Finkelstein,et al.  The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II , 1992, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[58]  W. Brueggemann Jeremiah , 1988, The Prophets.

[59]  I. Finkelstein THE SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF JERUSALEM IN THE EIGHTH AND SEVENTH CENTURIES BC , 2008 .

[60]  M. Steiner The settlement in the Bronze and Iron Ages , 2001 .

[61]  D. Ariel,et al.  Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985, Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Volume 6: Inscriptions , 2001 .

[62]  N. Na’aman The Sanctuary of the Gibeonites Revisited , 2009 .

[63]  D. Ussishkin,et al.  The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib , 1982 .

[64]  N. Na’aman Hezekiah's Fortified Cities and the "LMLK" Stamps , 1986 .

[65]  A. Mazar,et al.  On the Israelite Fortress at Arad , 1986, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[66]  N. Na’aman An Assyrian Residence at Ramat Rahel? , 2001 .

[67]  D. Pardee :Economic Keystones: The Weight System of the Kingdom of Judah , 2003 .

[68]  Seymour Gitin,et al.  Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer , 1992 .

[69]  Y. Magen Nebi Samwil: Where Samuel Crowned Israel's First King , 2008 .

[70]  R. Kletter Temptation to identify: Jerusalem, mmšt, and the lmlk jar stamps , 2002 .

[71]  R. Vaux Archaeology and The Dead Sea Scrolls , 1963, Antiquity.

[72]  G. N. Knoppers The Demise of Jerusalem, the De-urbanization of Judah, and the Ascent of Benjamin: Reflections on Oded Lipschits’ The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem , 2008 .

[73]  L. Singer-Avitz,et al.  Beersheba – A Gateway Community in Southern Arabian Long-Distance Trade in the Eighth Century B.C.E. , 1999 .

[74]  Pete Smith Hebron , 2001, Memoires sur les colonies juives et les voyages en Palestine et en Syrie du premier octobre 1883 a la fin 1899.

[75]  E. Hull The survey of western Palestine , 1886 .

[76]  I. Ephʿal The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent, 9Th-5Th Centuries B.C. , 1997 .

[77]  L. Stager Farming in the Judean Desert during the Iron Age , 1976, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

[78]  Oded Lipschits,et al.  A New Typology of the Yehud Stamp Impressions , 2007 .

[79]  Z. Herzog Archaeology of the City: Urban Planning in Ancient Israel and its Social Implications , 1997 .

[80]  L. Stager,et al.  Scripture and Other Artifacts: Essays on the Bible and Archaeology in Honor of Philip J. King , 1995 .

[81]  T. Dothan,et al.  En-Gedi : the first and second seasons of excavations 1961-1962 , 1966 .

[82]  Jeffrey P. Hudon Exploring the Longue Durée: Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager [review] / J. David Schloen, ed. , 2010 .

[83]  Z. Herzog The Fortress Mound at Tel Arad an Interim Report , 2002 .

[84]  New Foreign Members of the Linnean Society , 1932, Nature.

[85]  H. Vincent,et al.  Recent Excavations on the Hill of Ophel , 1912 .

[86]  R. Greenberg,et al.  Stamped and Incised Jar Handles from Rogem Gannim and Their Implications for the Political Economy of Jerusalem, Late 8th–Early 4th Centuries BCE , 2006 .

[87]  Nadav Naʾaman The Contribution of the Suhḫu Inscriptions to the Historical Research of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah* , 2007, Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

[88]  N. Na’aman,et al.  Sargon II's Deportations to Israel and Philistia (716-708 B.C.) , 1988, Journal of Cuneiform Studies.

[89]  Sue Hamilton,et al.  Iron Age Pottery , 1985, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.

[90]  A. Maeir,et al.  "I will speak the riddles of ancient times" : archaeological and historical studies in honor of Amihai Mazar on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday , 2006 .