1.5 T: intraoperative imaging beyond standard anatomic imaging.

Intraoperative high-field MRI with integrated microscope-based neuronavigation is a safe and reliable technique providing immediate intraoperative quality control. Major indications are pituitary tumor, glioma, and epilepsy surgery. Intraoperative high-field MRI provides intraoperative anatomic images at high quality that are up to the standard of pre- and postoperative neuroradiologic imaging. Compared with previous low-field MRI systems used for intraoperative imaging, not only is the image quality is clearly superior but the imaging spectrum is much wider and the intraoperative work flow is improved. Furthermore, high-field MRI offers various modalities beyond standard anatomic imaging, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI.

[1]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Quantification of, Visualization of, and Compensation for Brain Shift Using Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2000, Neurosurgery.

[2]  W P Dillon,et al.  Preoperative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of brain tumors: correlation with histopathologic analysis of resection specimens. , 2001, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[3]  G. Sutherland,et al.  Advances in mobile intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. , 2000, Neurosurgery.

[4]  Garnette R Sutherland,et al.  Intraoperative Assessment of Aneurysm Clipping Using Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Diffusion-weighted Imaging: Technical Case Report , 2002, Neurosurgery.

[5]  T. Schwartz,et al.  Standardization of Amygdalohippocampectomy with Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preliminary Experience , 2002, Epilepsia.

[6]  William G Bradley,et al.  Achieving gross total resection of brain tumors: intraoperative MR imaging can make a big difference. , 2002, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[7]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Correlation of Sensorimotor Activation with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetoencephalography in Presurgical Functional Imaging: A Spatial Analysis , 2001, NeuroImage.

[8]  A Thron,et al.  Three-dimensional Visualization of the Pyramidal Tract in a Neuronavigation System during Brain Tumor Surgery: First Experiences and Technical Note , 2001, Neurosurgery.

[9]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Intraoperative compensation for brain shift. , 2001, Surgical neurology.

[10]  O Ganslandt,et al.  Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging during transsphenoidal surgery. , 2001, Journal of neurosurgery.

[11]  Ron Kikinis,et al.  Registration of 3D Intraoperative MR Images of the Brain Using a Finite Element Biomechanical Model , 2001, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[12]  Glyn Johnson,et al.  High-grade gliomas and solitary metastases: differentiation by using perfusion and proton spectroscopic MR imaging. , 2002, Radiology.

[13]  S Kellermann,et al.  Gross-total surgery of supratentorial low-grade gliomas under intraoperative MR guidance. , 2001, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[14]  E R Laws,et al.  Surgical management of intracranial gliomas--does radical resection improve outcome? , 2003, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.

[15]  Z L Gokaslan,et al.  A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. , 2001, Journal of neurosurgery.

[16]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Use of Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Tailored Temporal Lobe Surgeries for Epilepsy , 2002, Epilepsia.

[17]  W. Hall,et al.  Brain biopsy using high-field strength interventional magnetic resonance imaging. , 1999, Neurosurgery.

[18]  Tejpal Gupta,et al.  Poor-prognosis high-grade gliomas: evolving an evidence-based standard of care. , 2002, The Lancet. Oncology.

[19]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging with the magnetom open scanner: concepts, neurosurgical indications, and procedures: a preliminary report. , 1998, Neurosurgery.

[20]  A. Bricolo,et al.  Prognostic factors in low-grade supratentorial astrocytomas: a uni-multivariate statistical analysis in 76 surgically treated adult patients. , 1995, Surgical neurology.

[21]  W. Hall,et al.  Safety, efficacy, and functionality of high-field strength interventional magnetic resonance imaging for neurosurgery. , 2000, Neurosurgery.

[22]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Remote Analysis for Brain Shift Compensation , 2001, MICCAI.

[23]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Limited Benefit of Intraoperative Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Craniopharyngioma Surgery , 2003, Neurosurgery.

[24]  A. Obwegeser,et al.  Therapy of glioblastoma multiforme: A cumulative experience of 10 years , 2005, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[25]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Intraoperative high-field-strength MR imaging: implementation and experience in 200 patients. , 2004, Radiology.

[26]  O Pastyr,et al.  Intraoperative diagnostic and interventional magnetic resonance imaging in neurosurgery. , 1997, Neurosurgery.

[27]  Ferenc Jolesz,et al.  Transsphenoidal Resection of Pituitary Adenomas in an Intraoperative MRI Unit , 1999, Pituitary.

[28]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Glioma surgery evaluated by intraoperative low-field magnetic resonance imaging. , 2003, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.

[29]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Co-Registration of Function and Anatomy in Frameless Stereotaxy by Contour Fitting , 2003, Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery.

[30]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Low-field magnetic resonance imaging for intraoperative use in neurosurgery: a 5-year experience , 2002, European Radiology.

[31]  R Kikinis,et al.  Intraoperative MR imaging guidance for intracranial neurosurgery: experience with the first 200 cases. , 1999, Radiology.

[32]  D. Louw,et al.  A mobile high-field magnetic resonance system for neurosurgery. , 1999, Journal of neurosurgery.

[33]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Anesthesia During High‐field Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Experience with 80 Consecutive Cases , 2003, Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology.

[34]  R Steinmeier,et al.  Functional neuronavigation with magnetoencephalography: outcome in 50 patients with lesions around the motor cortex. , 1999, Neurosurgical focus.

[35]  Susumu Mori,et al.  Brain fiber tracking with clinically feasible diffusion-tensor MR imaging: initial experience. , 2003, Radiology.

[36]  Klaus Sartor,et al.  Early Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Resection of Malignant Glioma: Objective Evaluation of Residual Tumor and Its Influence on Regrowth and Prognosis , 1995 .

[37]  W. Hall,et al.  Improving diagnostic yield in brain biopsy: Coupling spectroscopic targeting with real‐time needle placement , 2001, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[38]  F. Bootz,et al.  Open MRI-Guided Neurosurgery , 1999, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[39]  Donald W. Kormos,et al.  Glioma Resection in a Shared-resource Magnetic Resonance Operating Room after Optimal Image-guided Frameless Stereotactic Resection , 2001, Neurosurgery.

[40]  J Vieth,et al.  New approach to localize speech relevant brain areas and hemispheric dominance using spatially filtered magnetoencephalography , 2001, Human brain mapping.

[41]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Integration of functional magnetic resonance imaging supported by magnetoencephalography in functional neuronavigation , 1999, Neurosurgery.

[42]  David Hearshen,et al.  Correlations between Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Image-guided Histopathology, with Special Attention to Radiation Necrosis , 2002, Neurosurgery.

[43]  Carl-Fredrik Westin,et al.  Processing and visualization for diffusion tensor MRI , 2002, Medical Image Anal..

[44]  Long-term survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. , 1993, Neurosurgery.

[45]  E. Laws,et al.  MR of the pituitary gland postsurgery: serial MR studies following transsphenoidal resection. , 1993, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[46]  O Ganslandt,et al.  Preliminary experience in glioma surgery with intraoperative high-field MRI. , 2003, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.

[47]  Garnette R Sutherland,et al.  Optimizing Epilepsy Surgery with Intraoperative MR Imaging , 2002, Epilepsia.

[48]  P. Black,et al.  Craniotomy for tumor treatment in an intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging unit. , 1999, Neurosurgery.

[49]  P. J. Hoopes,et al.  In vivo modeling of interstitial pressure in the brain under surgical load using finite elements. , 2000, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[50]  V. Tronnier,et al.  Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging to update interactive navigation in neurosurgery: method and preliminary experience. , 1997, Computer aided surgery : official journal of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery.

[51]  Talma Hendler,et al.  Delineating gray and white matter involvement in brain lesions: three-dimensional alignment of functional magnetic resonance and diffusion-tensor imaging. , 2003, Journal of neurosurgery.

[52]  Chris A Clark,et al.  White matter fiber tracking in patients with space-occupying lesions of the brain: a new technique for neurosurgical planning? , 2003, NeuroImage.

[53]  M M Bonsanto,et al.  Clinical evaluation and follow-up results for intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging in neurosurgery. , 2000, Neurosurgery.

[54]  Liliana Goumnerova,et al.  Biochemical characterization of pediatric brain tumors by using in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. , 2002, Journal of neurosurgery.

[55]  Haiying Liu,et al.  Application of Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Magnetic-Resonance-Guided Brain Tumor Resection , 2003, Pediatric Neurosurgery.

[56]  Ron Kikinis,et al.  Registration of 3-d intraoperative MR images of the brain using a finite-element biomechanical model , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[57]  D W Kormos,et al.  Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Determine the Extent of Resection of Pituitary Macroadenomas during Transsphenoidal Microsurgery , 2001, Neurosurgery.

[58]  Michael Forsting,et al.  A novel passive functional MRI paradigm for preoperative identification of the somatosensory cortex , 2004, Neurosurgical Review.

[59]  R. Kikinis,et al.  Development and implementation of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and its neurosurgical applications. , 1997, Neurosurgery.

[60]  Hiroyuki Kabasawa,et al.  Measurement of fractional anisotropy using diffusion tensor MRI in supratentorial astrocytic tumors , 2003, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[61]  John S. Duncan,et al.  Combined functional MRI and tractography to demonstrate the connectivity of the human primary motor cortex in vivo , 2003, NeuroImage.

[62]  C. Nimsky,et al.  Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined with Neuronavigation: A New Concept , 2001, Neurosurgery.

[63]  Khader M Hasan,et al.  Diffusion-tensor imaging of white matter tracts in patients with cerebral neoplasm. , 2002, Journal of neurosurgery.

[64]  O Ganslandt,et al.  Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging in epilepsy surgery , 2000, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[65]  N. Hata,et al.  Serial Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Shift , 2001, Neurosurgery.

[66]  William M. Wells,et al.  Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention — MICCAI’98 , 1998, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[67]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Automatic Transfer of Pre-Operation fMRI Markers into Intra-Operation MR-Images for Updating Functional Neuronavigation , 2000, MVA.

[68]  V. Seifert,et al.  Laser Surface Scanning for Patient Registration in Intracranial Image-guided Surgery , 2002, Neurosurgery.

[69]  Christopher Nimsky,et al.  Integration of MR spectroscopy into neuronavigation for stereotactic definition of tumor infiltration zone , 2003, CARS.

[70]  Shinya Kuriki,et al.  Visualization of the eloquent motor system by integration of MEG, functional, and anisotropic diffusion-weighted MRI in functional neuronavigation. , 2003, Surgical neurology.

[71]  C R Wirtz,et al.  Intraoperative MR imaging increases the extent of tumor resection in patients with high-grade gliomas. , 1999, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[72]  F A Jolesz,et al.  Intra‐operative MR guidance during trans‐sphenoidal pituitary resection: Preliminary results , 2001, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.