Effect of disturbance on thermal response test, part 1: Development of disturbance analytical model, parametric study, and sensitivity analysis

To interpret thermal response tests (TRTs), analytical models that assume constant heat flux from the source are widely used because of their simplicity. However, in actual field conditions, the constant heat flux assumption is violated by the heat exchange between the above-ground TRT setup and outdoor environment. This results in perturbations in the temperature response and causes fluctuations in estimation and consequent estimation errors in the interpretation of TRTs. For a better design of experiments and obtaining quality data from a TRT, a systematic analysis of the disturbance factors is important. In this study, we developed an analytical model that describes the heat exchange in an above-ground TRT setup. On the basis of this model, a parametric study and sensitivity analysis were conducted in a systematic manner using disturbance-related parameters, such as test settings (heat injection rate and flow rate), above-ground connecting circuit parameters (insulation thickness, length, and radiation absorptivity), temperature of fluid, and weather conditions (solar irradiation, environmental temperature, and wind velocity). The above-ground circuit length and parameters related to radiative heat transfer showed the highest sensitivity coefficients. Based on the results, some suggestions are provided for experimenters on designing TRT setups and conducting TRTs to obtain quality data.

[1]  Lyesse Laloui,et al.  Advanced Compact Device for the In-situ Determination of Geothermal Characteristics of Soils , 2008 .

[2]  Pingfang Hu,et al.  A method and case study of thermal response test with unstable heat rate , 2012 .

[3]  Lei Zhang,et al.  A thermal response method of calculating a soil's thermal properties when backfill material information is unavailable , 2013 .

[4]  L. Schiavi,et al.  Estimation of soil and grout thermal properties through a TSPEP (two-step parameter estimation proce , 2011 .

[5]  Refrigerating.  ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals , 1967 .

[6]  Roland Wagner,et al.  Evaluating thermal response tests using parameter estimation for thermal conductivity and thermal capacity , 2005 .

[7]  P. F. Córdoba,et al.  Improving parameter estimates obtained from thermal response tests: Effect of ambient air temperatur , 2011 .

[8]  Surface temperatures and heat fluxes for flat roofs , 1967 .

[9]  Anna-Maria Gustafsson,et al.  Multi-injection rate thermal response test in groundwater filled borehole heat exchanger , 2010 .

[10]  V. Gnielinski.  New equations for heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe and channel flow , 1976 .

[11]  Kusuma G. Rao,et al.  Estimation of the Exchange Coefficient of Heat During Low Wind Convective Conditions , 2004 .

[12]  L. Gosselin,et al.  Numerical analysis of thermal response tests with a groundwater flow and heat transfer model , 2011 .

[13]  Fabio Bozzoli,et al.  Modeling approaches applied to the thermal response test: A critical review of the literature , 2011 .

[14]  J. C. Jaeger,et al.  Conduction of Heat in Solids , 1952 .

[15]  J. Spitler,et al.  In Situ Measurement of Ground Thermal Conductivity: A Dutch Perspective , 2002 .

[16]  H. Witte,et al.  Error analysis of thermal response tests , 2013 .

[17]  Hikari Fujii,et al.  An improved thermal response test for U-tube ground heat exchanger based on optical fiber thermometers , 2009 .

[18]  Ryozo Ooka,et al.  Effect of disturbance on thermal response test, part 2: Numerical study of applicability and limitation of infinite line source model for interpretation under disturbance from outdoor environment , 2016 .

[19]  G. Florides,et al.  First in situ determination of the thermal performance of a U-pipe borehole heat exchanger, in Cyprus , 2008 .

[20]  Ryozo Ooka,et al.  Interpretation of disturbed data in thermal response tests using the infinite line source model and numerical parameter estimation method , 2015 .

[21]  José Acuña,et al.  Borehole resistance and vertical temperature profiles in coaxial borehole heat exchangers , 2013 .

[22]  J. Beck,et al.  Field Test of a New Method for Determining Soil Formation Thermal Conductivity and Borehole Resistance , 2000 .

[23]  Lars Westerlund,et al.  Heat extraction thermal response test in groundwater-filled borehole heat exchanger – Investigation of the borehole thermal resistance , 2011 .

[24]  Zhihao Chen,et al.  Thermal performances of different types of underground heat exchangers , 2006 .

[25]  B. S. Petukhov.  Heat Transfer and Friction in Turbulent Pipe Flow with Variable Physical Properties , 1970 .

[26]  Jeffrey D. Spitler,et al.  Development of an in-situ system and analysis procedure for measuring ground thermal properties , 2000 .

[27]  A. Busso,et al.  First in situ determination of ground and borehole thermal properties in Latin America , 2004 .

[28]  Göran Hellström,et al.  CFD-modelling of natural convection in a groundwater-filled borehole heat exchanger , 2010 .

[29]  Daniel Pahud,et al.  Numerical evaluation of thermal response tests , 2007 .

[30]  A. Busso,et al.  Shallow borehole heat exchanger: Response test and charging–discharging test with solar collectors , 2006 .

[31]  Mustafa Inalli,et al.  In-situ thermal response test for ground source heat pump system in Elazığ, Turkey , 2009 .

[32]  Hikari Fujii,et al.  Interpretation of Thermal Response Test in Ungrouted U-tube Ground Heat Exchangers , 2010 .

[33]  Simon J. Rees,et al.  A transient two-dimensional finite volume model for the simulation of vertical U-tube ground heat exchangers , 1999 .

[34]  Keith A. Woodbury,et al.  Inverse problems and parameter estimation: integration of measurements and analysis , 1998 .

[35]  Petr Bujok,et al.  Assessment of the influence of shortening the duration of TRT (thermal response test) on the precision of measured values , 2014 .

[36]  B. Nordell,et al.  Determining undisturbed ground temperature for thermal response test , 2003 .

[37]  J. Beck,et al.  Determining effective soil formation thermal properties from field data using a parameter estimation technique , 1998 .

[38]  H. S. Carslow,et al.  Conduction of Heat in Solids, Second Edition , 1986 .

[39]  José Acuña,et al.  Distributed thermal response tests on a multi-pipe coaxial borehole heat exchanger , 2011, HVAC&R Research.

[40]  Donggen Peng,et al.  An improved evaluation method for thermal performance of borehole heat exchanger , 2015 .

[42]  Gongsheng Huang,et al.  A p(t)-linear average method to estimate the thermal parameters of the borehole heat exchangers for in situ thermal response test , 2014 .

[43]  Raymond W. Bliss,et al.  Atmospheric radiation near the surface of the ground: A summary for engineers , 1961 .

[44]  L. Gosselin,et al.  Borehole temperature evolution during thermal response tests , 2011 .

[45]  J. Spitler,et al.  Reference data sets for vertical borehole ground heat exchanger models and thermal response test ana , 2011 .

[46]  Esmail M. A. Mokheimer,et al.  Energy, exergy and uncertainty analyses of the thermal response test for a ground heat exchanger , 2009 .

[47]  Xu Zhang,et al.  Numerical and experimental assessment of thermal performance of vertical energy piles: An application , 2008 .

[48]  René Lefebvre,et al.  A Review of Thermal Response Test Analysis Using Pumping Test Concepts , 2011, Ground water.

[49]  B. Palm,et al.  Distributed thermal response tests on pipe-in-pipe borehole heat exchangers , 2013 .

[50]  Johan Claesson,et al.  A Method to Evaluate Thermal Response Tests on Groundwater-filled Boreholes , 2012 .

[51]  O. J. Zobel,et al.  Heat conduction with engineering, geological, and other applications , 1955 .

[52]  Richard A. Beier,et al.  Vertical temperature profile in ground heat exchanger during in-situ test , 2011 .

[53]  Louis Lamarche,et al.  Analysis of the convective heat exchange effect on the undisturbed ground temperature , 2014 .