Towards player-driven procedural content generation

Generating immersive game content is one of the ultimate goals for a game designer. This goal can be achieved by realizing the fact that players' perception of the same game differ according to a number of factors including: players' personality, playing styles, expertise and culture background. While one player might find the game immersive, others may quit playing as a result of encountering a seemingly insoluble problem. One promising avenue towards optimizing the gameplay experience for individual game players is to tailor player experience in real-time via automatic game content generation. Specifying the aspects of the game that have the major influence on the gameplay experience, identifying the relationship between these aspect and each individual experience and defining a mechanism for tailoring the game content according to each individual needs are important steps towards player-driven content generation.

[1]  José Ramón Quevedo,et al.  Feature subset selection for learning preferences: a case study , 2004, ICML.

[2]  Risto Miikkulainen,et al.  Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies , 2002, Evolutionary Computation.

[3]  Ramakrishnan Srikant,et al.  Mining sequential patterns , 1995, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Data Engineering.

[4]  Nizar R. Mabroukeh,et al.  A taxonomy of sequential pattern mining algorithms , 2010, CSUR.

[5]  Magy Seif El-Nasr,et al.  Analysis of level design 'push & pull' within 21 games , 2010, FDG.

[6]  Adam M. Smith,et al.  An Inclusive Taxonomy of Player Modeling , 2011 .

[7]  Miguel Arias Estrada,et al.  Evolutionary Design by Computers , 2009 .

[8]  Michael Mateas,et al.  Procedural level generation using occupancy-regulated extension , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[9]  Conor Ryan,et al.  Grammatical evolution , 2007, GECCO '07.

[10]  Simon M. Lucas,et al.  Imitating play from game trajectories: Temporal difference learning versus preference learning , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG).

[11]  A. E. Eiben,et al.  Introduction to Evolutionary Computing , 2003, Natural Computing Series.

[12]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Evolving Personalized Content for Super Mario Bros Using Grammatical Evolution , 2012, AIIDE.

[13]  Gillian Smith,et al.  Expressive Design Tools: Procedural Content Generation for Game Designers , 2012 .

[14]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Correlation between heart rate, electrodermal activity and player experience in first-person shooter games , 2010, Sandbox '10.

[15]  K. Scherer,et al.  Are facial expressions of emotion produced by categorical affect programs or dynamically driven by appraisal? , 2007, Emotion.

[16]  George Cybenko,et al.  Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function , 1989, Math. Control. Signals Syst..

[17]  Ian J. Palmer,et al.  Action Recognition for Support of Adaptive Gameplay: A Case Study of a First Person Shooter , 2010, Int. J. Comput. Games Technol..

[18]  Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.  Comprar Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play, 25th Anniversary Edition | Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, PhD | 9780787951405 | Wiley , 2007 .

[19]  Beat Fasel,et al.  Automati Fa ial Expression Analysis: A Survey , 1999 .

[20]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Real-Time Game Adaptation for Optimizing Player Satisfaction , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[21]  Bin Ma,et al.  The similarity metric , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[22]  Umeshwar Dayal,et al.  FreeSpan: frequent pattern-projected sequential pattern mining , 2000, KDD '00.

[23]  Michael Mateas,et al.  A data mining approach to strategy prediction , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[24]  N. Lazzaro.  Why we Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion without Story , 2004 .

[25]  Kyuseok Shim,et al.  SPIRIT: Sequential Pattern Mining with Regular Expression Constraints , 1999, VLDB.

[26]  K. Scherer,et al.  Handbook of affective sciences. , 2003 .

[27]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming: a paradigm for genetically breeding populations of computer programs to solve problems , 1990 .

[28]  Matthew J. Streeter,et al.  Evolving inventions. , 2003, Scientific American.

[29]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[30]  I. Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper,et al.  DIFFICULTY SCALING OF GAME AI , 2004 .

[31]  Michael E. Bratman,et al.  Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason , 1991 .

[32]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Erratum: Ranking vs. Preference: A Comparative Study of Self-reporting , 2011, ACII.

[33]  Maja Pantic,et al.  Gaze-X: adaptive affective multimodal interface for single-user office scenarios , 2006, ICMI '06.

[34]  Anders Krogh,et al.  Introduction to the theory of neural computation , 1994, The advanced book program.

[35]  Alexandru Iosup,et al.  Procedural content generation for games: A survey , 2013, TOMCCAP.

[36]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Multiobjective exploration of the StarCraft map space , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[37]  Vincent Corruble,et al.  Automatic computer game balancing: a reinforcement learning approach , 2005, AAMAS '05.

[38]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Analyzing the impact of camera viewpoint on player psychophysiology , 2009, 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops.

[39]  Daniel A. Ashlock,et al.  Evolving A Diverse Collection of Robot Path Planning Problems , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation.

[40]  Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze,et al.  Continuous Recognition of Player's Affective Body Expression as Dynamic Quality of Aesthetic Experience , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[41]  Jennifer Healey,et al.  Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[42]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Digging Deeper into Platform Game Level Design: Session Size and Sequential Features , 2012, EvoApplications.

[43]  Risto Miikkulainen,et al.  Real-time neuroevolution in the NERO video game , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.

[44]  Christopher D. Shaw,et al.  Visualizing and understanding players' behavior in video games: discovering patterns and supporting aggregation and comparison , 2011, Sandbox '11.

[45]  Vladimir I. Levenshtein,et al.  Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals , 1965 .

[46]  Matthias Rauterberg,et al.  Difficulty Scaling through Incongruity , 2008, AIIDE.

[47]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Experience-Driven Procedural Content Generation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[48]  Lawrence J. Fogel,et al.  Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution , 1966 .

[49]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Making Racing Fun Through Player Modeling and Track Evolution , 2006 .

[50]  J. Russell.  A circumplex model of affect. , 1980 .

[51]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Generating Narrative Action Schemas for Suspense , 2012, INT@AIIDE.

[52]  Lawrence Davis,et al.  Training Feedforward Neural Networks Using Genetic Algorithms , 1989, IJCAI.

[53]  W. Cannon.  The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. By Walter B. Cannon, 1927. , 1927, American Journal of Psychology.

[54]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Ranking vs. Preference: A Comparative Study of Self-reporting , 2011, ACII.

[55]  J. Russell,et al.  Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions , 1977 .

[56]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Evolving levels for Super Mario Bros using grammatical evolution , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG).

[57]  Anthony Brabazon,et al.  Evolutionary design using grammatical evolution and shape grammars: designing a shelter , 2010 .

[58]  Daniel A. Ashlock,et al.  Search-Based Procedural Generation of Maze-Like Levels , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[59]  Andrew Lim,et al.  Evolving 3D Buildings for the Prototype Video Game Subversion , 2010, EvoApplications.

[60]  Daniele Loiacono,et al.  Interactive evolution for the procedural generation of tracks in a high-end racing game , 2011, GECCO '11.

[61]  Julian Togelius,et al.  The Mario AI Benchmark and Competitions , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[62]  Moncef Gabbouj,et al.  Evolutionary Artificial Neural Networks , 2014 .

[63]  Kostas Karpouzis,et al.  A Game-Based Corpus for Analysing the Interplay between Game Context and Player Experience , 2011, ACII.

[64]  Vincent Corruble,et al.  Challenge-sensitive action selection: an application to game balancing , 2005, IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology.

[65]  Luca Chittaro,et al.  Adaptation of Graphics and Gameplay in Fitness Games by Exploiting Motion and Physiological Sensors , 2007, Smart Graphics.

[66]  Gregory S. Hornby,et al.  The advantages of generative grammatical encodings for physical design , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8546).

[67]  Kurt Hornik,et al.  Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators , 1989, Neural Networks.

[68]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Feature analysis for modeling game content quality , 2011, 2011 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG'11).

[69]  E. Hudlicka.  AFFECTIVE COMPUTING FOR GAME DESIGN , 2008 .

[70]  Daniel McDuff,et al.  Crowdsourced data collection of facial responses , 2011, ICMI '11.

[71]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Suggesting New Plot Elements for an Interactive Story , 2011, Intelligent Narrative Technologies.

[72]  Jenova Chen,et al.  Flow in games (and everything else) , 2007, CACM.

[73]  J. Read,et al.  Endurability, Engagement and Expectations: Measuring Children’s Fun , 2002 .

[74]  Simon M. Lucas,et al.  Evolving spaceship designs for optimal control and the emergence of interesting behaviour , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG).

[75]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Search-Based Procedural Content Generation , 2010, EvoApplications.

[76]  Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Creating an Emotionally Adaptive Game , 2008, ICEC.

[77]  Edward Byrne.  Game Level Design , 2004 .

[78]  T. C. Nicholas Graham,et al.  Use of eye movements for video game control , 2006, ACE '06.

[79]  E. Vesterinen,et al.  Affective Computing , 2009, Encyclopedia of Biometrics.

[80]  Ana Paiva,et al.  Feeling and Reasoning: A Computational Model for Emotional Characters , 2005, EPIA.

[81]  Simon Colton,et al.  Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Computational Aesthetics in Games , 2012, IEEE Trans. Comput. Intell. AI Games.

[82]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Towards Automatic Personalized Content Generation for Platform Games , 2010, AIIDE.

[83]  R. Palmer,et al.  Introduction to the theory of neural computation , 1994, The advanced book program.

[84]  Klaus Obermayer,et al.  Support vector learning for ordinal regression , 1999 .

[85]  Ingo Rechenberg,et al.  Evolutionsstrategie : Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution , 1973 .

[86]  Krzysztof Z. Gajos,et al.  Automatically generating personalized user interfaces with Supple , 2010, Artif. Intell..

[87]  Suh-Yin Lee,et al.  Fast Discovery of Sequential Patterns by Memory Indexing , 2002, DaWaK.

[88]  Licinio Roque,et al.  The Eyes and Games: A Survey of Visual Attention and Eye Tracking Input in Video Games , 2011 .

[89]  C. Bartneck.  Integrating the OCC model of emotions in embodied characters , 2002 .

[90]  Xue Yan,et al.  iCat: an animated user-interface robot with personality , 2005, AAMAS '05.

[91]  Tomás E. Uribe,et al.  Active preference learning for personalized calendar scheduling assistance , 2005, IUI.

[92]  Cristina Conati,et al.  Probabilistic assessment of user's emotions in educational games , 2002, Appl. Artif. Intell..

[93]  Kostas Karpouzis,et al.  Robust Feature Detection for Facial Expression Recognition , 2007, EURASIP J. Image Video Process..

[94]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence , 2003 .

[95]  Joe Marks,et al.  Automatic Design of Balanced Board Games , 2007, AIIDE.

[96]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Affective Loop Experiences - What Are They? , 2008, PERSUASIVE.

[97]  Simon Colton,et al.  Initial Results from Co-operative Co-evolution for Automated Platformer Design , 2012, EvoApplications.

[98]  Magy Seif El-Nasr,et al.  Visual attention in 3D video games , 2006, ACE '06.

[99]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Super mario evolution , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[100]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Computational intelligence and tower defence games , 2011, 2011 IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation (CEC).

[101]  H. Jaap van den Herik,et al.  Games as personality profiling tools , 2011, 2011 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG'11).

[102]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Beyond Skill Rating: Advanced Matchmaking in Ghost Recon Online , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[103]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Towards Capturing and Enhancing Entertainment in Computer Games , 2006, SETN.

[104]  Thomas Malone.  What makes computer games fun? (abstract only) , 1981, CHI '81.

[105]  Simon Colton,et al.  Multi-faceted evolution of simple arcade games , 2011, 2011 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG'11).

[106]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Evolving Interesting Maps for a First Person Shooter , 2011, EvoApplications.

[107]  G. Kane.  Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, vol 1: Foundations, vol 2: Psychological and Biological Models , 1994 .

[108]  Thomas W. Malone.  What makes computer games fun? (abstract only) , 1982, CHI 1982.

[109]  Noah Wardrip-Fruin,et al.  Polymorph: dynamic difficulty adjustment through level generation , 2010, PCGames@FDG.

[110]  William V. Wright,et al.  A Theory of Fun for Game Design , 2004 .

[111]  Nilanjan Sarkar,et al.  Maintaining Optimal Challenge in Computer Games through Real-Time Physiological Feedback , 2005 .

[112]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Adapting Models of Visual Aesthetics for Personalized Content Creation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[113]  Elisabeth André,et al.  Emotion recognition based on physiological changes in music listening , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[114]  George Kelly kellygp.  Citygen : An Interactive System for Procedural City Generation , 2007 .

[115]  Julian Togelius,et al.  An experiment in automatic game design , 2008, 2008 IEEE Symposium On Computational Intelligence and Games.

[116]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  A Generic Approach for Generating Interesting Interactive Pac-Man Opponents , 2005, CIG.

[117]  Georgios N. Yannakakis.  Learning from preferences and selected multimodal features of players , 2009, ICMI-MLMI '09.

[118]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Towards automatic personalised content creation for racing games , 2007, 2007 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[119]  Julian Togelius,et al.  A procedural procedural level generator generator , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG).

[120]  Eyke Hüllermeier,et al.  Preference Learning , 2005, Künstliche Intell..

[121]  S. Schachter.  The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State , 1964 .

[122]  Zhihong Zeng,et al.  A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[123]  Risto Miikkulainen,et al.  Efficient evolution of neural network topologies , 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC'02 (Cat. No.02TH8600).

[124]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Mining multimodal sequential patterns: a case study on affect detection , 2011, ICMI '11.

[125]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Better to be frustrated than bored: The incidence, persistence, and impact of learners' cognitive-affective states during interactions with three different computer-based learning environments , 2010, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[126]  Arun Ross,et al.  Information fusion in biometrics , 2003, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[127]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Real-time challenge balance in an RTS game using rtNEAT , 2008, 2008 IEEE Symposium On Computational Intelligence and Games.

[128]  W. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Exploring Behavioral Expressions of Player Experience in Digital Games , 2008 .

[129]  Simon Colton,et al.  Unsupervised Modeling of Player Style With LDA , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[130]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Modeling Player Experience for Content Creation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[131]  R. Solomon.  The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. , 1980, The American psychologist.

[132]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Towards Procedural Strategy Game Generation: Evolving Complementary Unit Types , 2011, EvoApplications.

[133]  D. Watson,et al.  Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[134]  Julian Togelius,et al.  The 2010 Mario AI Championship: Level Generation Track , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[135]  Christos D. Katsis,et al.  Toward Emotion Recognition in Car-Racing Drivers: A Biosignal Processing Approach , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans.

[136]  Anthony Brabazon,et al.  Evolving Behaviour Trees for the Mario AI Competition Using Grammatical Evolution , 2011, EvoApplications.

[137]  Robert J. K. Jacob,et al.  What you look at is what you get: eye movement-based interaction techniques , 1990, CHI '90.

[138]  Andrew Ortony,et al.  The Cognitive Structure of Emotions , 1988 .

[139]  Isaac E. Lagaris,et al.  Solving differential equations with genetic programming , 2006, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines.

[140]  Michael Mateas,et al.  Variations Forever: Flexibly generating rulesets from a sculptable design space of mini-games , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[141]  Carlos Martinho,et al.  Closing the loop: from affect recognition to empathic interaction , 2010, AFFINE '10.

[142]  In A. H. Fischer.  Emotional Episodes, Facial Expressions, and Reported Feelings in Human-computer Interactions , 1998 .

[143]  Yoshua. Bengio,et al.  Learning Deep Architectures for AI , 2007, Found. Trends Mach. Learn..

[144]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  The psychology of facial expression: A Componential Approach to the meaning of facial expressions , 1997 .

[145]  E. James Whitehead,et al.  Design patterns in FPS levels , 2010, FDG.

[146]  G. Calleja.  In-Game: From Immersion to Incorporation , 2011 .

[147]  Gillian Smith,et al.  Analyzing the expressive range of a level generator , 2010, PCGames@FDG.

[148]  Petra Sundström,et al.  Exploring the Affective Loop , 2005 .

[149]  Eric O. Postma,et al.  Adaptive game AI with dynamic scripting , 2006, Machine Learning.

[150]  Michèle Sebag,et al.  Feature Selection as a One-Player Game , 2010, ICML.

[151]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Designing Gestures for Affective Input: An Analysis of Shape, Effort and Valence , 2003 .

[152]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Evolving card sets towards balancing dominion , 2012, 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.

[153]  Kostas Karpouzis,et al.  Estimation of behavioral user state based on eye gaze and head pose—application in an e-learning environment , 2009, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[154]  Daniel McDuff,et al.  Exploring Temporal Patterns in Classifying Frustrated and Delighted Smiles , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[155]  Christian Bauckhage,et al.  Is Bayesian Imitation Learning the Route to Believable Gamebots , 2004 .

[156]  Oleg Spakov,et al.  Gaze controlled games , 2009, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[157]  Guillaume Chanel,et al.  Boredom, engagement and anxiety as indicators for adaptation to difficulty in games , 2008, MindTrek '08.

[158]  Darryl Charles,et al.  Dynamic Player Modelling: A Framework for Player-Centered Digital Games , 2004 .

[159]  Anand S. Rao,et al.  BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice , 1995, ICMAS.

[160]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Interactive opponents generate interesting games , 2004 .

[161]  Julian Togelius,et al.  The 2009 Mario AI Competition , 2010, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.

[162]  Heikki Mannila,et al.  Discovering Generalized Episodes Using Minimal Occurrences , 1996, KDD.

[163]  Anthony Brabazon,et al.  Evolving a logo design using Lindenmayer systems, Postscript & Grammatical Evolution , 2008, 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence).

[164]  Gillian Smith,et al.  A framework for analysis of 2D platformer levels , 2008, Sandbox '08.

[165]  Una-May O'Reilly,et al.  Extending Grammatical Evolution to Evolve Digital Surfaces with Genr8 , 2004, EuroGP.

[166]  Michael O'Neill,et al.  Combining Structural Analysis and Multi-Objective Criteria for Evolutionary Architectural Design , 2011, EvoApplications.

[167]  Wei Chu,et al.  Preference learning with Gaussian processes , 2005, ICML.

[168]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Modeling Children's Entertainment in the Playware Playground , 2006, 2006 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[169]  Michael Wooldridge,et al.  Reasoning about rational agents , 2000, Intelligent robots and autonomous agents.

[170]  Cameron Browne,et al.  Elegance in Game Design , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[171]  Alan J. Dix,et al.  Using frustration in the design of adaptive videogames , 2004, ACE '04.

[172]  M. Bradley,et al.  Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. , 1994, Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.

[173]  Seth Rogers,et al.  Learning Subjective Functions with Large Margins , 2000, ICML.

[174]  Rakesh Agarwal,et al.  Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules , 1994, VLDB 1994.

[175]  Rafael Bidarra,et al.  Integrating procedural generation and manual editing of virtual worlds , 2010, PCGames@FDG.

[176]  K. Obermayer,et al.  Learning Preference Relations for Information Retrieval , 1998 .

[177]  Peter J. Bentley,et al.  Exploring Component-based Representations - The Secret of Creativity by Evolution? , 2000 .

[178]  Peta Wyeth,et al.  GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games , 2005, CIE.

[179]  Ning Wang,et al.  Introducing EVG: An Emotion Evoking Game , 2006, IVA.

[180]  Eunjung Han,et al.  Human-centered modeling for style-based adaptive games , 2009 .

[181]  Christine L. Lisetti,et al.  MAUI: a multimodal affective user interface , 2002, MULTIMEDIA '02.

[182]  P. Ellsworth,et al.  William James and emotion: is a century of fame worth a century of misunderstanding? , 1994, Psychological review.

[183]  Jonathan Klein,et al.  Frustrating the user on purpose: a step toward building an affective computer , 2002, Interact. Comput..

[184]  Jonghwa Kim,et al.  Bimodal Emotion Recognition using Speech and Physiological Changes , 2007 .

[185]  Michael O’Neill,et al.  Solving Knapsack Problems with Attribute Grammars , 2004 .

[186]  Ashish Kapoor,et al.  Automatic prediction of frustration , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[187]  Philippe Pasquier,et al.  Towards a Generic Framework for Automated Video Game Level Creation , 2010, EvoApplications.

[188]  Stephen J. McGlinchey.  Learning of AI Players From Game Observation Data , 2003, GAME-ON.

[189]  Rafael Bidarra,et al.  A Survey of Procedural Methods for Terrain Modelling , 2009 .

[190]  W. S. Reilly,et al.  Believable Social and Emotional Agents. , 1996 .

[191]  Hong Yu,et al.  Personalized Procedural Content Generation to Minimize Frustration and Boredom Based on Ranking Algorithm , 2011, AIIDE.

[192]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Player modeling using self-organization in Tomb Raider: Underworld , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[193]  F ROSENBLATT,et al.  The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. , 1958, Psychological review.

[194]  James C. Lester,et al.  Modeling self-efficacy in intelligent tutoring systems: An inductive approach , 2008, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction.

[195]  Anthony Brabazon,et al.  Shape grammars and grammatical evolution for evolutionary design , 2009, GECCO.

[196]  Daniele Loiacono,et al.  Automatic Track Generation for High-End Racing Games Using Evolutionary Computation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[197]  Hideyuki Takagi,et al.  Interactive evolutionary computation: fusion of the capabilities of EC optimization and human evaluation , 2001, Proc. IEEE.

[198]  Jens Heydekorn,et al.  Click or Strike: Realistic versus Standard Game Controls in Violent Video Games and Their Effects on Aggression , 2010, ICEC.

[199]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  TOWARDS OPTIMIZING ENTERTAINMENT IN COMPUTER GAMES , 2007, Appl. Artif. Intell..

[200]  Staffan Björk,et al.  Patterns In Game Design , 2004 .

[201]  R. Houle.  Player Modeling for Adaptive Games , 2006 .

[202]  Richard W. Hamming,et al.  Error detecting and error correcting codes , 1950 .

[203]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming as a means for programming computers by natural selection , 1994 .

[204]  Keechul Jung,et al.  Dynamic Game Level Design Using Gaussian Mixture Model , 2006, PRICAI.

[205]  D. Cicchetti.  Emotion and Adaptation , 1993 .

[206]  Christian Bauckhage,et al.  Learning Human-Like Movement Behavior for Computer Games , 2004 .

[207]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Genetic search feature selection for affective modeling: a case study on reported preferences , 2010, AFFINE '10.

[208]  W. Cannon.  Again the James-Lange and the thalamic theories of emotion. , 1931 .

[209]  Daniel McDuff,et al.  Crowdsourcing Facial Responses to Online Videos , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[210]  Simon Brown,et al.  Affective gaming: measuring emotion through the gamepad , 2003, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[211]  Davide Morelli,et al.  Experience-Driven Procedural Music Generation for Games , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[212]  A. Wayne Whitney,et al.  A Direct Method of Nonparametric Measurement Selection , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[213]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Imitating human playing styles in Super Mario Bros , 2013, Entertain. Comput..

[214]  K. Scherer.  What are emotions? And how can they be measured? , 2005 .

[215]  Heekuck Oh,et al.  Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition , 1993, Adv. Comput..

[216]  Ana Paiva,et al.  Detecting user engagement with a robot companion using task and social interaction-based features , 2009, ICMI-MLMI '09.

[217]  K. Höök.  Affective loop experiences: designing for interactional embodiment , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[218]  Paul A. Cairns,et al.  Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games , 2008, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[219]  Yoram Singer,et al.  Learning to Order Things , 1997, NIPS.

[220]  Ramakrishnan Srikant,et al.  Mining Sequential Patterns: Generalizations and Performance Improvements , 1996, EDBT.

[221]  P. Lang,et al.  Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. , 1989 .

[222]  K. Stevens,et al.  Emotions and speech: some acoustical correlates. , 1972, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[223]  Joel Lehman,et al.  Combining Search-Based Procedural Content Generation and Social Gaming in the Petalz Video Game , 2012, AIIDE.

[224]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Extending neuro-evolutionary preference learning through player modeling , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[225]  Georgios N. Yannakakis.  Game adaptivity impact on affective physical interaction , 2009, 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops.

[226]  George N. Votsis,et al.  Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction , 2001, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[227]  C. Elliott.  The affective reasoner: a process model of emotions in a multi-agent system , 1992 .

[228]  Regan L. Mandryk,et al.  Using psychophysiological techniques to measure user experience with entertainment technologies , 2006, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[229]  Georgios N. Yannakakis.  Game AI revisited , 2012, CF '12.

[230]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Optimizing Visual Properties of Game Content Through Neuroevolution , 2011, AIIDE.

[231]  Kostas Karpouzis,et al.  User modeling via gesture and head pose expressivity features , 2010, 2010 Fifth International Workshop Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization.

[232]  Philippe Pasquier,et al.  A Generic Approach to Challenge Modeling for the Procedural Creation of Video Game Levels , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[233]  Katherine Isbister,et al.  Wriggle: an exploration of emotional and social effects of movement , 2011, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[234]  Brian Magerko,et al.  Intelligent adaptation of digital game-based learning , 2008, Future Play.

[235]  Thomas Gärtner,et al.  Player Modeling for Intelligent Difficulty Adjustment , 2009, LWA.

[236]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Evolving opponents for interesting interactive computer games , 2004 .

[237]  Christian D. Schunn,et al.  Integrating perceptual and cognitive modeling for adaptive and intelligent human-computer interaction , 2002, Proc. IEEE.

[238]  Ana Paiva,et al.  Automatic analysis of affective postures and body motion to detect engagement with a game companion , 2011, 2011 6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[239]  Sourav S. Bhowmick,et al.  Sequential Pattern Mining: A Survey , 2003 .

[240]  Anthony Brabazon,et al.  GEVA: grammatical evolution in Java , 2008, SEVO.

[241]  Kenneth O. Stanley,et al.  Evolving content in the Galactic Arms Race video game , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[242]  Marko Turpeinen,et al.  Emotionally Adapted Games - An Example of a First Person Shooter , 2009, HCI.

[243]  Frédéric Maire,et al.  Evolutionary Game Design , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[244]  David D. Jensen,et al.  A Family of Algorithms for Finding Temporal Structure in Data , 1997 .

[245]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Affective Computing: A Review , 2005, ACII.

[246]  Regan L. Mandryk,et al.  A fuzzy physiological approach for continuously modeling emotion during interaction with play technologies , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[247]  Mohammed J. Zaki,et al.  SPADE: An Efficient Algorithm for Mining Frequent Sequences , 2004, Machine Learning.

[248]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Entertainment Modeling in Physical Play Through Physiology Beyond Heart-Rate , 2007, ACII.

[249]  Michael Mateas,et al.  Tanagra: a mixed-initiative level design tool , 2010, FDG.

[250]  Georgios N. Yannakakis.  Preference learning for affective modeling , 2009, 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops.

[251]  K. H. Kim,et al.  Emotion recognition system using short-term monitoring of physiological signals , 2004, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[252]  L. Rothkrantz,et al.  Toward an affect-sensitive multimodal human-computer interaction , 2003, Proc. IEEE.

[253]  Clare Bates Congdon,et al.  REALM: A rule-based evolutionary computation agent that learns to play Mario , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[254]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Preference Learning for Cognitive Modeling: A Case Study on Entertainment Preferences , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans.

[255]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Towards multiobjective procedural map generation , 2010, PCGames@FDG.

[256]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Entertainment capture through heart rate activity in physical interactive playgrounds , 2008, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction.

[257]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Learning internal representations by error propagation , 1986 .

[258]  Georgios N. Yannakakis,et al.  Towards affective camera control in games , 2010, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction.

[259]  D. Kort,et al.  D3.3 : Game Experience Questionnaire:development of a self-report measure to assess the psychological impact of digital games , 2007 .

[260]  Andrea Bonarini,et al.  Modeling enjoyment preference from physiological responses in a car racing game , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[261]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Modeling player experience in Super Mario Bros , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games.

[262]  Julian Togelius,et al.  Cellular automata for real-time generation of infinite cave levels , 2010, PCGames@FDG.

[263]  Colin Grubb.  Multimodal Emotion Recognition , 2013 .

[264]  Gerald Tesauro,et al.  Connectionist Learning of Expert Preferences by Comparison Training , 1988, NIPS.

[265]  Howell O. Istance,et al.  For Your Eyes Only: Controlling 3D Online Games by Eye-Gaze , 2009, INTERACT.