Catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum residue in supercritical water: Study on the effect of different metal oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Cracking of heavy petroleum residue obtained from the vacuum distillation unit in supercritical water (SCW) was performed with and without catalysts. First, different nanoparticles, including CeO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , and MnO 2 were synthesized in a batchwise SCW reactor; then, the abilities of aforementioned nanocatalysts to convert vacuum residue (VR) into the lighter fractions as well as their stability under severe condition of supercritical water were examined. The X-ray diffractometery (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that the obtained nanoparticles with a satisfactory size and morphology were synthesized under supercritical condition. VR cracking experiments were also conducted in a batchwise reactor under operating condition, namely temperature: 450 °C, reaction time: 60 min, catalyst/oil ratio (g/g): 1/5, and water/oil ratio (g/g): 80/3. The performance of different nanocatalysts was compared based on the yield of maltene, coke, and asphaltene obtained from VR cracking. As a result, it was determined that the efficiency of nanocatalysts in VR cracking diminishes in the order of CeO 2  > Co 3 O 4  > MnO 2 , while the non-catalytic cracking or SCW pyrolysis attained the lowest rank with a slight difference with the case of MnO 2 . Moreover, the XRD was utilized to investigate the stability of different catalysts. The results demonstrated that only CeO 2 was stable, whereas the other catalysts were reduced to the lower oxidation states during the reaction. Nevertheless, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of spent CeO 2 showed the agglomeration of nanoparticles after the reaction.

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