Visualization of human prenatal development by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

It is essential to visualize the structures of embryos and their internal organs three‐dimensionally to analyze morphogenesis; this used to rely solely on serial histological sectioning and solid reconstruction, which were tedious and time‐consuming. We have applied imaging with a magnetic resonance (MR) microscope equipped with a 2.35 T superconducting magnet to visualize human embryos; we were successful in acquiring high‐resolution sectional images and in identifying the detailed structures of major organs. The imaging process was facilitated by using a super‐parallel MR microscope. A dataset of MR images of more than 1,000 human embryos, now collected, will be important for future biomedical research and for education. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

[1]  R. Jacobs,et al.  Three-dimensional digital mouse atlas using high-resolution MRI. , 2001, Developmental biology.

[2]  G. Johnson,et al.  Magnetic resonance microscopy of mouse embryos. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  J. Hecksher-Sørensen,et al.  Optical Projection Tomography as a Tool for 3D Microscopy and Gene Expression Studies , 2002, Science.

[4]  G A Johnson,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of embryos: an Internet resource for the study of embryonic development. , 1999, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[5]  M J Ackerman,et al.  The Visible Human Project , 1998, Proc. IEEE.

[6]  J. Schneider,et al.  Making the mouse embryo transparent: identifying developmental malformations using magnetic resonance imaging. , 2004, Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews.

[7]  Cecilia W Lo,et al.  Rapid high resolution three dimensional reconstruction of embryos with episcopic fluorescence image capture. , 2004, Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews.

[8]  J. Sharpe Optical projection tomography. , 2004, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[9]  H. Nishimura,et al.  Normal and abnormal development of human embryos: first report of the analysis of 1,213 intact embryos. , 1968, Teratology.

[10]  塩田 浩平,et al.  Development and Intrauterine Fate of Normal and Abnormal Human Conceptuses , 1991 .

[11]  K. Schughart,et al.  Computer-based three-dimensional visualization of developmental gene expression , 2000, Nature Genetics.

[12]  Tomoyuki Haishi,et al.  Super‐parallel MR microscope , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[13]  J. Vane,et al.  Optical Projection Tomography as a Tool for 3D Microscopy and Gene Expression Studies , 2002 .

[14]  Michael J. Ackerman,et al.  From Data to Knowledge - the Visible Human Project® Continues , 2001, MedInfo.

[15]  Jon Cohen Embryo Development at the Click of a Mouse , 2002, Science.

[16]  Janan T. Eppig,et al.  The mouse Gene Expression Database (GXD): 2017 update , 2016, Nucleic Acids Res..

[17]  O. O. Heard,et al.  Section compression photographically rectified , 1951, The Anatomical record.

[18]  B R Smith,et al.  Magnetic resonance microscopy in cardiac development , 2001, Microscopy research and technique.

[19]  Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of embryos. , 2000, Methods in molecular biology.

[20]  L W Hedlund,et al.  Histology by magnetic resonance microscopy. , 1993, Magnetic resonance quarterly.

[21]  Johannes Streicher,et al.  A new episcopic method for rapid 3-D reconstruction: applications in anatomy and embryology , 1998, Anatomy and Embryology.

[22]  S. Neubauer,et al.  Rapid identification and 3D reconstruction of complex cardiac malformations in transgenic mouse embryos using fast gradient echo sequence magnetic resonance imaging. , 2003, Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.

[23]  T Haishi,et al.  Development of a 1.0 T MR microscope using a Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet. , 2001, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[24]  W. Weninger,et al.  Phenotyping transgenic embryos: a rapid 3-D screening method based on episcopic fluorescence image capturing , 2002, Nature Genetics.

[25]  O. O. Heard The influence of surface forces in microtomy , 1953, The Anatomical record.

[26]  H. Nishimura Prenatal versus Postnatal Malformations Based on the Japanese Experience on Induced Abortions in the Human Being , 1975 .

[27]  M J Ackerman,et al.  The Visible Human Project: a resource for education. , 1999, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[28]  B. R. Smith,et al.  Visualizing human embryos. , 1999, Scientific American.

[29]  Michihiko Minoh,et al.  Graphic and movie illustrations of human prenatal development and their application to embryological education based on the human embryo specimens in the Kyoto collection , 2006, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[30]  R. O'rahilly One Hundred Years of Human Embryology , 1988 .

[31]  S. Neubauer,et al.  High‐resolution imaging of normal anatomy, and neural and adrenal malformations in mouse embryos using magnetic resonance microscopy , 2003, Journal of anatomy.

[32]  François Rechenmann,et al.  From data to knowledge , 2000, Bioinform..

[33]  G A Johnson,et al.  Magnetic resonance microscopy of embryos. , 1996, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[34]  T. Shibata,et al.  Applying very high resolution microfocus X–ray CT and 3–D reconstruction to the human auditory apparatus , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[35]  Michael J. Ackerman,et al.  The Visible Human Project™: A Resource for Anatomical Visualization , 1998, MedInfo.