Papers, Please

Nationalism, London and New York, 1983. 9 The phrase, as Heyd notes, was used by Philip L. Graham, publisher of the Washington Post to his editors in the 1960s. 10 Jeremy Black, The English Press in the Eighteenth Century, Philadelphia, 1987, p. 14. 11 Robert Darnton, ‘First Steps Towards a History of Reading’, in Robert Darnton, The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History, London, 1990, p. 167. 12 See for example, A Union of Multiple Identities: the British Isles c. 1750–c. 1850, ed. Lawrence Brockliss and David Eastwood, Manchester, 1997; Northern Identities: Historical Interpretations of ‘the North’ and ‘Northernness’, ed. Neville Kirk, Farnham, 2000. 13 Victoria E. M. Gardner, ‘The Communications Broker and the Public Sphere: John Ware and the Cumberland Pacquet’, Cultural and Social History 10, 2013, pp. 522–57. 14 Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making, Chicago, 2000. 15 This is explored in a nineteenth-century context in Matthew Rubery, The Novelty of Newspapers: Victorian Fiction after the Invention of the News, Oxford, 2009. 16 Harrison’s Derby and Nottingham Journal, 18 March 1779. 17 Robin Jarvis, Romantic Readers and Transatlantic Travel: Expeditions and Tours in North America, 1760–1840’, Farnham, 2012. 18 John Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1997, p. 56. 19 The Times, 6 Feb. 1852, also quoted in George Boyce, ‘‘‘Fourth Estate’’: the Reappraisal of a Concept’, in Newspaper History from the Seventeenth Century, ed. George Boyce, James Curran and Pauline Wingate, London, 1978, p. 19. 20 Harrop’s Manchester Mercury, 27 June 1797. 21 Charles G. Steffen, ‘Newspapers for Free: the Economics of Newspaper Circulation in the Early Republic’, Journal of the Early Republic 23: 4, 2003, p. 382.