Carbon Nanomaterials for Flexible Energy Storage

Flexible energy storage systems have substantial inherent advantages in comparison with many currently employed systems due to improved versatility, performance and potentially lower cost. The research within this field is currently undergoing tremendous developments as new materials, composites and large-scale assembly strategies are being developed. In this review, we summarize recent progresses toward the development of flexible electrodes based on carbonaceous nanomaterials with particular emphasis on rational electrode design. Strategies to assemble flexible electrodes, both with and without inert mechanical supports, are reviewed and compared. Depending on their composition, the flexible electrodes can be used in important energy storage systems including supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. The trend on future developments is also analyzed.

[1]  Xiaodong Li,et al.  Flexible Zn2SnO4/MnO2 core/shell nanocable-carbon microfiber hybrid composites for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. , 2011, Nano letters.

[2]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Three-dimensional self-assembly of graphene oxide platelets into mechanically flexible macroporous carbon films. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[3]  Yu-Kuei Hsu,et al.  Highly flexible supercapacitors with manganese oxide nanosheet/carbon cloth electrode , 2011 .

[4]  Songtao Lu,et al.  Flexible asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy and high power density in aqueous electrolytes. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[5]  R. Whitby,et al.  Geometric control and tuneable pore size distribution of buckypaper and buckydiscs , 2008 .

[6]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  True Performance Metrics in Electrochemical Energy Storage , 2011, Science.

[7]  Zhongwei Chen,et al.  Ultrathin, transparent, and flexible graphene films for supercapacitor application , 2010 .

[8]  Weifeng Wei,et al.  Phase-Controlled Synthesis of MnO2 Nanocrystals by Anodic Electrodeposition : Implications for High-Rate Capability Electrochemical Supercapacitors , 2008 .

[9]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  The rise of graphene. , 2007, Nature materials.

[10]  S. Dou,et al.  Electrochemical Deposition of Porous Co ( OH ) 2 Nanoflake Films on Stainless Steel Mesh for Flexible Supercapacitors , 2008 .

[11]  J. Baker New technology and possible advances in energy storage , 2008 .

[12]  Robert Vajtai,et al.  Ultrathick Freestanding Aligned Carbon Nanotube Films , 2007 .

[13]  Yi Cui,et al.  Solution-processed graphene/MnO2 nanostructured textiles for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. , 2011, Nano letters.

[14]  Lei Zhang,et al.  A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[15]  F. Béguin,et al.  Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons , 2002 .

[16]  Feng Li,et al.  High-energy MnO2 nanowire/graphene and graphene asymmetric electrochemical capacitors. , 2010, ACS nano.

[17]  Jun Chen,et al.  Compact-designed supercapacitors using free-standing single-walled carbon nanotube films , 2011 .

[18]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization. , 2010, Nature communications.

[19]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Hybrid nanostructured materials for high-performance electrochemical capacitors , 2013 .

[20]  Shi Xue Dou,et al.  Electrodeposition of MnO2 nanowires on carbon nanotube paper as free-standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[21]  Bo-Yeong Kim,et al.  All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors fabricated with bacterial nanocellulose papers, carbon nanotubes, and triblock-copolymer ion gels. , 2012, ACS nano.

[22]  Teng Zhai,et al.  WO3–x@Au@MnO2 Core–Shell Nanowires on Carbon Fabric for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors , 2012, Advanced materials.

[23]  Klaus Müllen,et al.  Towards free-standing graphene/carbon nanotube composite films via acetylene-assisted thermolysis of organocobalt functionalized graphene sheets. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[24]  Jean Gamby,et al.  Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors , 2001 .

[25]  Chen-Chi M. Ma,et al.  Design and tailoring of a hierarchical graphene-carbon nanotube architecture for supercapacitors , 2011 .

[26]  K. Hata,et al.  Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed single-walled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes , 2006, Nature materials.

[27]  Candace K. Chan,et al.  Printable thin film supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2009, Nano letters.

[28]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  Binder-free activated carbon/carbon nanotube paper electrodes for use in supercapacitors , 2011 .

[29]  Yi Cui,et al.  Energy and environmental nanotechnology in conductive paper and textiles , 2012 .

[30]  Young Hee Lee,et al.  Electrochemical Properties of High-Power Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes , 2001 .

[31]  Byungwoo Kim,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of flexible and high capacitance supercapacitors based on MnO2/CNT/papers , 2010 .

[32]  Edward T. Samulski,et al.  Exfoliated Graphene Separated by Platinum Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[33]  Feiyu Kang,et al.  Recent progress on manganese dioxide based supercapacitors , 2010 .

[34]  Changhong Liu,et al.  Highly oriented carbon nanotube papers made of aligned carbon nanotubes , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[35]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Graphene-based nanomaterials for energy storage , 2011 .

[36]  H. Dai,et al.  Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials , 2011, 1104.3379.

[37]  Jun Chen,et al.  A Leavening Strategy to Prepare Reduced Graphene Oxide Foams , 2012, Advanced materials.

[38]  Yong Ding,et al.  Hydrogenated ZnO core-shell nanocables for flexible supercapacitors and self-powered systems. , 2013, ACS nano.

[39]  Yi Cui,et al.  Stretchable, porous, and conductive energy textiles. , 2010, Nano letters.

[40]  Jun Chen,et al.  Flexible free-standing carbon nanotube films for model lithium-ion batteries , 2009 .

[41]  Ryne P. Raffaelle,et al.  Lithium Ion Capacity of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Paper Electrodes , 2008 .

[42]  Bo Gao,et al.  A flexible graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotube film as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors , 2011 .

[43]  Thierry Brousse,et al.  Variation of the MnO2 Birnessite Structure upon Charge/Discharge in an Electrochemical Supercapacitor Electrode in Aqueous Na2SO4 Electrolyte , 2008 .

[44]  Roberto F. Aguilera Hard truths: Facing the hard truths about energy: A comprehensive view to 2030 of global oil and natural gas , 2007 .

[45]  D. S. Misra,et al.  Enhanced field emission and improved supercapacitor obtained from plasma-modified bucky paper. , 2011, Small.

[46]  Lili Zhang,et al.  Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[47]  Yu Huang,et al.  Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films. , 2013, ACS nano.

[48]  Xing Xie,et al.  High-performance nanostructured supercapacitors on a sponge. , 2011, Nano letters.

[49]  J. Baek,et al.  Controlled growth and modification of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes for multifunctional applications , 2010 .

[50]  Paula T Hammond,et al.  Facilitated ion transport in all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors. , 2011, ACS nano.

[51]  Chuck Zhang,et al.  Binder-free composite electrodes using carbon nanotube networks as a host matrix for activated carbon microparticles , 2012 .

[52]  R. Ruoff,et al.  The chemistry of graphene oxide. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[53]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide , 2007 .

[54]  A. Best,et al.  Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes , 2011 .

[55]  Genevieve Dion,et al.  Carbon coated textiles for flexible energy storage , 2011 .

[56]  J. Choi,et al.  3D macroporous graphene frameworks for supercapacitors with high energy and power densities. , 2012, ACS nano.

[57]  Feng Li,et al.  Graphene–Cellulose Paper Flexible Supercapacitors , 2011 .

[58]  Jun Liu,et al.  Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. , 2011, Chemical reviews.

[59]  Jun Zhou,et al.  Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on carbon nanoparticles/MnO2 nanorods hybrid structure. , 2012, ACS nano.

[60]  Xiao-yan Wang,et al.  Graphene Oxide-Assisted Dispersion of Pristine Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Media , 2010 .

[61]  K. Hata,et al.  High-power supercapacitor electrodes from single-walled carbon nanohorn/nanotube composite. , 2011, ACS nano.

[62]  Jun Chen,et al.  Single wall carbon nanotube paper as anode for lithium-ion battery , 2005 .

[63]  Wenhui Shi,et al.  High-power and high-energy-density flexible pseudocapacitor electrodes made from porous CuO nanobelts and single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2011, ACS nano.

[64]  Ye Hou,et al.  Design and synthesis of hierarchical MnO2 nanospheres/carbon nanotubes/conducting polymer ternary composite for high performance electrochemical electrodes. , 2010, Nano letters.

[65]  Geoffrey M. Spinks,et al.  Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube paper in ionic liquid and aqueous electrolytes , 2005 .

[66]  Xiaodong Li,et al.  Towards Textile Energy Storage from Cotton T‐Shirts , 2012, Advanced materials.

[67]  F. Wei,et al.  Fast and reversible surface redox reaction of graphene–MnO2 composites as supercapacitor electrodes , 2010 .

[68]  Yi Cui,et al.  Enhancing the supercapacitor performance of graphene/MnO2 nanostructured electrodes by conductive wrapping. , 2011, Nano letters.

[69]  Hailiang Wang,et al.  Strongly coupled inorganic-nano-carbon hybrid materials for energy storage. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[70]  Yi Cui,et al.  Printed energy storage devices by integration of electrodes and separators into single sheets of paper , 2010 .

[71]  Yuanlong Shao,et al.  High-performance flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on 3D porous graphene/MnO2 nanorod and graphene/Ag hybrid thin-film electrodes , 2013 .

[72]  Yun Suk Huh,et al.  High performance of a solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene films. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[73]  Lifeng Liu,et al.  Directly synthesized strong, highly conducting, transparent single-walled carbon nanotube films. , 2007, Nano letters.

[74]  Zhenxing Zhang,et al.  Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes. , 2013, ACS nano.

[75]  Stephen A. Holditch,et al.  Factors That Will Influence Oil and Gas Supply and Demand in the 21st Century , 2008 .

[76]  A. Dillon,et al.  Carbon nanotubes for photoconversion and electrical energy storage. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[77]  R. Hoch,et al.  High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes , 1997 .

[78]  Junwu Zhu,et al.  Bioinspired Effective Prevention of Restacking in Multilayered Graphene Films: Towards the Next Generation of High‐Performance Supercapacitors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[79]  Peter Hall,et al.  Energy-storage technologies and electricity generation , 2008 .

[80]  John P. Ferraris,et al.  Vanadium Oxide Nanowire–Carbon Nanotube Binder‐Free Flexible Electrodes for Supercapacitors , 2011 .

[81]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper , 2007, Nature.

[82]  Yi Cui,et al.  Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[83]  Teng Zhai,et al.  H‐TiO2@MnO2//H‐TiO2@C Core–Shell Nanowires for High Performance and Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors , 2013, Advanced materials.

[84]  L. Nyholm,et al.  Toward Flexible Polymer and Paper‐Based Energy Storage Devices , 2011, Advanced materials.

[85]  A. Rousset,et al.  Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes , 2001 .

[86]  M. Brett,et al.  Variations in MnO2 electrodeposition for electrochemical capacitors , 2005 .

[87]  K. R. Atkinson,et al.  Strong, Transparent, Multifunctional, Carbon Nanotube Sheets , 2005, Science.

[88]  F. Béguin,et al.  Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors , 2001 .

[89]  Songtao Lu,et al.  Synergistic effects from graphene and carbon nanotubes enable flexible and robust electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. , 2012, Nano letters.

[90]  Srdjan M. Lukic,et al.  Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[91]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G , 2008 .

[92]  Xing Xie,et al.  Paper supercapacitors by a solvent-free drawing method† , 2011 .

[93]  Weiwei Cai,et al.  Graphene oxide papers modified by divalent ions-enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking. , 2008, ACS nano.

[94]  Ryne P. Raffaelle,et al.  Carbon nanotubes for lithium ion batteries , 2009 .

[95]  Chang-Tang Chang,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide , 2014 .

[96]  Synthesis of flexible and porous cobalt hydroxide/conductive cotton textile sheet and its application in electrochemical capacitors , 2011 .

[97]  Husam N. Alshareef,et al.  Symmetrical MnO2-carbon nanotube-textile nanostructures for wearable pseudocapacitors with high mass loading. , 2011, ACS nano.

[98]  Xin Zhao,et al.  Flexible holey graphene paper electrodes with enhanced rate capability for energy storage applications. , 2011, ACS nano.

[99]  Yi Shi,et al.  Preparation and characterization of flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on transition-metal-oxide nanowire/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid thin-film electrodes. , 2010, ACS nano.

[100]  Y. Feng,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes for Supercapacitor , 2010, Nanoscale research letters.

[101]  A. M. Rao,et al.  Large-scale purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes: process, product, and characterization , 1998 .

[102]  Xiaohong Liu,et al.  Flexible graphene/MnO2 composite papers for supercapacitor electrodes , 2011 .

[103]  Changsheng Liu,et al.  Flexible pillared graphene-paper electrodes for high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors. , 2012, Small.

[104]  D. Bélanger,et al.  Asymmetric electrochemical capacitors—Stretching the limits of aqueous electrolytes , 2011 .

[105]  Alireza Khaligh,et al.  Battery, Ultracapacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: State of the Art , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[106]  Gleb Yushin,et al.  Atomic layer deposition of vanadium oxide on carbon nanotubes for high-power supercapacitor electrodes , 2012 .