Rooftop photovoltaic parking lots to support electric vehicles charging: A comprehensive survey

Abstract Due to technological advances, the growing need for a decarbonized economy, and the desire to reduce urban air pollution, electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as promising developments for the progressive decarbonization of the transport sector. The potential for large scale integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has not been explored fully, compared to other renewable energy uses in power systems. One of the proposed paths for the sustainable integration of EVs and solar exploitation in power systems involves the creation or installation of parking lots fitted with solar PV systems on their rooftops. This concept increases the reliability and robustness of the power system, as studies show that EVs are parked for the vast majority of the time. The EVs can then be optimally managed to assist the network in critical moments. The solar parking lot would then serve as a backup to manage the EVs' state-of-charge (SoC) which would guarantee the owners’ comfort and help to accelerate the decarbonization of the economy. The present work presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art concepts of photovoltaic (PV) panels, EVs and batteries, and how the different associated technologies can be applied in the concept of solar parking lots.