Traceability in Time and Frequency Metrology

This paper discusses the techniques and reference signals used to establish traceability to national and international standards when making time and tlequency measurements. It explains how traceable time and frequency tiormation is distributed by NIST and other national metrology institutes through radio, telephone, and Internet signals. It also describes how signals broadcast by the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites can serve as a traceable time and frequency reference that is available worldwide.

[1]  D. W. Allan,et al.  Accurate Time and Frequency Transfer During Common-View of a GPS Satellite , 1980 .

[2]  A R Robertson,et al.  North American Metrology Cooperation (NORAMET) , 1997 .

[3]  D. Reymann,et al.  Comparison of the Josephson voltage standards of the IEN and the BIPM , 1998 .

[4]  Joe D Simmons,et al.  NIST calibration services users guide , 1989 .

[5]  Michael A. Lombardi.  The NIST Frequency Measurement Service , 1995 .

[6]  Charles D. Ehrlich,et al.  Metrological Timelines in Traceability , 1997, Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[7]  V. Lenin,et al.  The United States of America , 2002, Government Statistical Agencies and the Politics of Credibility.

[8]  D. W. Allan,et al.  The NIST Automated Computer Time Service , 1989, Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[9]  K. Larson,et al.  Time transfer using the phase of the GPS carrier , 1998, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[10]  T. J. Quinn.  The BIPM and the accurate measurement of time , 1991 .

[11]  R. Deslattes,et al.  Laser wavelength comparison by high resolution interferometry. , 1976, Applied optics.

[12]  J A Davis,et al.  Report on the study to determine the suitability of GPS disciplined oscillators as time and frequency standards traceable to the UK national time scale UTC (NPL). , 1997 .

[13]  D. W. Allan,et al.  Continuous, multi-channel, common-view, L1-GPS time-comparison over a 4,000 km baseline , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[14]  Claudine Thomas,et al.  Upper Limit of Weights in Tai Computation , 1995 .

[15]  William K. May.  The Federal Radionavigation Plan , 1981 .

[16]  D. W. Hanson,et al.  Fundamentals of two-way time transfers by satellite , 1989, Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control.

[17]  O. K. Warnlof.  Specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices , 1982 .

[18]  B. W. Petley,et al.  Time and frequency in fundamental metrology , 1991, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[19]  Ross J Andersen.  Specifications and tolerances for reference standards and field standard weights and measures 5. Specifications and tolerances for field standard stopwatches , 1997 .

[20]  R. E. Wilson,et al.  Uses of precise time and frequency in power systems , 1991, Proc. IEEE.

[21]  Charles D. Ehrlich,et al.  Metrological timelines in traceability , 1997 .

[22]  H. F. Wollin.  Specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices , 1979 .

[23]  Judah Levine.  The NIST Internet time service , 1994 .