The use of ozone and associated oxidation processes in drinking water treatment

Abstract This paper summarizes the main applications of ozonation and associated oxidation processes in the treatment of natural waters (surface and ground waters) for drinking water production. In fact, oxidants may be added at several points throughout the treatment: pre-oxidation, intermediate oxidation or final disinfection. So, the numerous effects of chemical oxidation are discussed along the water treatment: removal of inorganic species, aid to the coagulation-floculation process, degradation of organic matter and disinfection. Of prime importance in potable water production is the removal of organic matter (natural humic substances, as well as micropollutants, especially pesticides) to avoid degradation of the distributed water (mainly bad odors and tastes; formation of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes; microbial regrowth in the distribution system). Consequently, this point has been particularly detailed in this paper. As a matter of fact, complete mineralization hardly occurs during the process; as a consequence, further treatment (i.e. sand or granular activated carbon filtration) is required to improve the distributed water quality, and to meet the drinking water regulations.

[1]  B. Langlais,et al.  INFLUENCE OF OXYDISING TREATMENTS ON THE FORMATION AND THE DEGRADATION OF HALOFORM REACTION PRECURSORS , 1979 .

[2]  M. Trapido,et al.  Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Solutions - A Kinetic Study , 1995 .

[3]  J. Joret,et al.  COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF OZONE, OZONE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SYSTEM AND CATALYTIC OZONE ON THE BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATTER OF A FULVIC ACID SOLUTION , 1997 .

[4]  A. Rubin,et al.  Inactivation of Naegleria and Giardia cysts in water by ozonation , 1984 .

[5]  G. Amy,et al.  Effects of Ozone on the Colloidal Stability and Aggregation of Particles Coated with Natural Organic Matter , 1996 .

[6]  T. Nakai,et al.  Ozonolysis Of Humic Acid And Its Effect On Decoloration And Biodegradability , 1995 .

[7]  É. Lefebvre,et al.  Modification de la matière organique lors des traitements conventionnels de potabilisation , 1995 .

[8]  U. Gunten,et al.  Kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and hypobromous acid: Implication on water treatment and natural systems , 1997 .

[9]  T. Olson,et al.  Oxidation kinetics of natural organic matter by sonolysis and ozone , 1994 .

[10]  John Lawrence,et al.  Haloforms in Drinking Water: A Study of Precursors and Precursor Removal , 1979 .

[11]  S. Meinardi,et al.  Reactivity of organic micropollutants with ozone: A kinetic study , 1995 .

[12]  U von Gunten,et al.  Bromate Formation during Ozonization of Bromide-Containing Waters: Interaction of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical Reactions. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[13]  N. Graham,et al.  Degradation of selected herbicides in a lowland surface water by ozone and ozone-hydrogen peroxide , 1996 .

[14]  G. Amy,et al.  Threshold Levels for Bromate Formation In Drinking Water , 1995 .

[15]  A. Weber,et al.  Oxidation of simazine: ozone, ultraviolet, and combined ozone/ultraviolet oxidation , 1995 .

[16]  D. Sedlak,et al.  Aqueous-phase oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls by hydroxyl radicals , 1991 .

[17]  J. B. Bowers,et al.  Degradation of MCPA by ozone and light , 1986 .

[18]  R. Rice,et al.  Handbook of ozone technology and applications , 1982 .

[19]  H. V. Leeuwen.  Preliminary Investigation into the Improvement of the Biodegradability of Organic Substances in Surface Waters and Effluents through Ozonation , 1987 .

[20]  R. Gracia,et al.  Study of the Catalytic Ozonation of Humic Substances in Water and Their Ozonation Byproducts , 1996 .

[21]  R. Rice,et al.  Ozone/chlorine dioxide oxidation products of organic materials : proceedings of a conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 17-19, 1976 , 1978 .

[22]  B. Legube,et al.  Ozonation of Aqueous Solutions of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds : Benzotriazoles, Atrazine and Amitrole , 1987 .

[23]  F. Beltrán,et al.  Oxidation of atrazine in water by ultraviolet radiation combined with hydrogen peroxide , 1993 .

[24]  S. Richardson,et al.  Ozonation Byproducts: Identification of Bromohydrins from the Ozonation of Natural Waters with Enhanced Bromide Levels , 1992 .

[25]  R. Perry,et al.  Aqueous Ozonation of Pesticides: A Review , 1989 .

[26]  H. Tosine,et al.  The Ozonation of Natural Waters: Product Identification , 1979 .

[27]  Marshall K. Davis,et al.  The effects of ozonation and activated carbon adsorption on trihalomethane speciation , 1991 .

[28]  Bernard Legube,et al.  Ozonation du naphtalene en milieu aqueux. I: Consommation d'ozone et produits de réaction , 1986 .

[29]  H. Arai,et al.  Exhaustive degradation of humic acid in water by simultaneous application of radiation and ozone , 1986 .

[30]  P. Singer,et al.  Formation Of Aldehydes During Ozonation , 1995 .

[31]  B. Legube,et al.  Origin and Conditions of Ketoacid Formation During Ozonation of Natural Organic Matter in Water , 1995 .

[32]  B. Legube,et al.  Ozonation du naphtalene en milieu aqueux—II. Etudes cinetiques de la phase initiale de la reaction , 1986 .

[33]  I. Walker,et al.  The use of high concentration ozone for water treatment , 1995 .

[34]  A. Weber,et al.  Oxidation of simazine: biological oxidation of simazine and its chemical oxidation byproducts , 1995 .

[35]  Shahamat U. Khan,et al.  Humic substances in the environment , 1972 .

[36]  W. J. Cooper,et al.  Ozonation of aquatic organic matter and humic substances: An analysis of surrogate parameters for predicting effects on trihalomethane formation potential , 1986 .

[37]  I. Somiya,et al.  The Effect Of Preozonation On The Control Of Trihal Omethane Formation , 1986 .

[38]  C. Yao,et al.  Rate constants for direct reactions of ozone with several drinking water contaminants , 1991 .

[39]  G. Amy,et al.  Empirical modeling of bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters , 1996 .

[40]  R. Scott Summers,et al.  The impact of preozonation and biodegradation on disinfection by-product formation , 1992 .

[41]  Prengle Hw.  Experimental rate constants and reactor considerations for the destruction of micropollutants and trihalomethane precursors by ozone with ultraviolet radiation. , 1983 .

[42]  Antonius Kettrup,et al.  Oxidative decomposition of organic water pollutants with UV-activated hydrogen peroxide Determination of anionic products by ion chromatography , 1995 .

[43]  D. Price,et al.  Effects of ozone on biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and heterotrophic plate counts in the distribution system , 1995 .

[44]  M. Takahashi,et al.  Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate--a new renal carcinogen. , 1990, Environmental health perspectives.

[45]  Stephen J. Randtke,et al.  Ozonation Byproducts of Atrazine in Synthetic and Natural Waters , 1992 .

[46]  B. Legube,et al.  Parameters Affecting the Formation of Bromate Ion During Ozonation , 1996 .

[47]  W H Glaze,et al.  Reaction products of ozone: a review. , 1986, Environmental health perspectives.

[48]  Johannes J. Rook,et al.  Haloforms in Drinking Water , 1976 .

[49]  K. Miura,et al.  Effect of ozone on plasmid DNA of Escherichia coli in situ , 1987 .

[50]  R. Rice,et al.  Occurrence of by-products of strong oxidants reacting with drinking water contaminants--scope of the problem. , 1986, Environmental health perspectives.

[51]  W. Glaze.  Drinking-water treatment with ozone. , 1987, Environmental Science and Technology.

[52]  H. Chick,et al.  An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection , 1908, Journal of Hygiene.

[53]  Bernard Legube,et al.  The ozonation of organic halide precursors: effect of bicarbonate , 1986 .

[54]  J. Bolton,et al.  Mechanism of photodegradation of aqueous organic pollutants. 2. Measurement of the primary rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with benzene and some halobenzenes using an EPR spin-trapping method following the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide , 1992 .

[55]  J. D. Laat,et al.  Effects of preozonation on the adsorbability and the biodegradability of aquatic humic substances and on the performance of granular activated carbon filters , 1991 .

[56]  B. Dussert,et al.  Impact of Drinking Water Preozonation on Granular Activated Carbon Quality and Performance , 1997 .

[57]  I. Suffet,et al.  Ozone and oxygen induced oxidative coupling of aqueous phenolics , 1983 .

[58]  Stanton S. Miller.  Disinfection Products In Water Treatment , 1993 .

[59]  J. D. Laat,et al.  Oxidation of s-Triazines by Advanced Oxidation Processes. By-Products and Kinetic Rate Constants , 1996 .

[60]  C. Yao,et al.  Rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants , 1992 .

[61]  J. Hoigne,et al.  Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—I. Non-dissociating organic compounds , 1983 .

[62]  J. Hoigné,et al.  Improved ammonia oxidation by ozone in the presence of bromide ion during water treatment , 1984 .

[63]  G R Burleson,et al.  Inactivation of viruses and bacteria by ozone, with and without sonication. , 1975, Applied microbiology.

[64]  H. Kool,et al.  The Influence of an Ozone, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide Treatment on Mutagentic Activity in (Drinking) Water , 1986 .

[65]  W. J. Hickey,et al.  Degradation of Atrazine by Fenton's Reagent: Condition Optimization and Product Quantification. , 1995, Environmental science & technology.

[66]  Rip G. Rice,et al.  The use of Ozone to Control trihalomethanes in Drinking water Treatment , 1979 .

[67]  Benito Jose Marinas,et al.  Kinetics of Escherichia coli inactivation with ozone , 1997 .

[68]  Sproul Oj,et al.  Inactivation of poliovirus in water by ozonation. , 1973 .

[69]  J. Beltrán-Heredia,et al.  Kinetics of the reaction between ozone and MCPA , 1991 .

[70]  Anthony G. Collins,et al.  Preozonation as an aid in the coagulation of humic substances—Optimum preozonation dose , 1989 .

[71]  J. Hayashi,et al.  Decomposition of humic acid and reduction of trihalomethane formation potential in water by ozone with u.v. irradiation , 1990 .

[72]  H E Watson,et al.  A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant , 1908, Epidemiology and Infection.

[73]  M. McGuire,et al.  Inactivation of Giardia muris and indicator organisms seeded in surface water supplies by PEROXONE and ozone , 1989 .

[74]  Jun Ma,et al.  Preliminary Investigation of Manganese-Catalyzed Ozonation for the Destruction of Atrazine , 1997 .

[75]  Roger Perry,et al.  Ozonation of pyrene in aqueous solution , 1990 .

[76]  R. Larson,et al.  Ferric ion promoted photodecomposition of triazines , 1991 .

[77]  K. Miura,et al.  Mechanism of inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus with ozone , 1988 .

[78]  J. Rivas,et al.  Oxidation of mecoprop in water with ozone and ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide , 1994 .

[79]  J. Kruithof,et al.  Degradation of pesticides by ozonation and advanced oxidation , 1995 .

[80]  M. Belosevic,et al.  Factors influencing the infectivity of Giardia muris cysts following ozone inactivation in laboratory and natural waters , 1992 .

[81]  J. Mallevialle,et al.  Improvement in the Effectiveness of Ozonation of Drinking Water through the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide , 1985 .

[82]  W. J. Cooper,et al.  Bromoform formation in ozonated groundwater containing bromide and humic substances , 1986 .

[83]  V. Boisdon.  Efficacité de la désinfection par les procédés d'oxydation chimique et de rayonnement ultraviolet , 1995 .

[84]  C. Hannoun,et al.  [INACTIVATION BY OZONE OF THE POLIOVIRUS PRESENT IN WATER]. , 1964, La Presse medicale.

[85]  T. Vartiainen,et al.  Removal Of Residual Organics From Drinking Water By Ozonation And Activated Carbon Filtration: A Pilot Plant Study , 1995 .

[86]  J. Hoigne,et al.  Ozonation of bromide-containing waters: kinetics of formation of hypobromous acid and bromate , 1983 .

[87]  E. Lefebvre,et al.  Results Of Bromide And Bromate Monitoring At Several Water Treatment Plants , 1995 .

[88]  P. Roche,et al.  Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation Processes For The Removal Of Triazine From Natural Water , 1995 .

[89]  R. F. Christman,et al.  Extent of ozone's reaction with isolated aquatic fulvic acid. , 1986, Environmental science & technology.

[90]  C. Hannoun,et al.  [Inactivation by ozone of poliomyelitis virus present in water. (Further contribution)]. , 1967, La Presse medicale.

[91]  S. Killops.  Volatile ozonization products of aqueous humic material , 1986 .

[92]  B. Legube,et al.  Long-term ozone consumption by aquatic fulvic acids acting as precursors of radical chain reactions , 1992 .

[93]  G. Amy,et al.  Ozone Versus Ozone/Peroxide Induced Particle Destabilization And Aggregation: A Pilot Study , 1995 .

[94]  J. D. Laat,et al.  Constantes Cinetiques de Reaction de L'Ozone Moleculaire et des Radicaux Hydroxyles Sur Quelques Phenyl-Urees et Acetamides Rate Constants for Reactions of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals with Several Phenyl-Ureas and Acetamides , 1996 .

[95]  C. Rav-Acha,et al.  Carbamate insecticides: removal from water by chlorination and ozonation. , 1990 .

[96]  E. Gilbert.  Biodegradability of ozonation products as a function of COD and DOC elimination by the example of humic acids , 1988 .

[97]  W. Glaze,et al.  Ozonation byproducts. 2. Improvement of an aqueous-phase derivatization method for the detection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds formed by the ozonation of drinking water , 1989 .

[98]  A. Bruchet,et al.  The Potential Use of Ozone and Peroxidase for Removal of Aromatic Compounds from Water by Polymerization , 1986 .

[99]  John T. O'Connor,et al.  Effect of Ozonation on the Removal of Iron From a Ground Water , 1976 .

[100]  J. Beltrán-Heredia,et al.  Advanced Oxidation Processes In The Degradation Of Cyanazine , 1995 .

[101]  P. Roche,et al.  Removal Of Pesticides By Use Of Ozone Or Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone , 1995 .