Secondary Aerosol Formation in Incense Burning Particles by 1 Ozonolysis and Photochemical Oxidation 2 3

Incense burning is a common religious activity that emits abundant gaseous and particulate pollutants into the 18 atmosphere. During their atmospheric lifetime, these gases and particles are subjected to (photo-)oxidation, leading to the 19 formation of secondary pollutants. We examined the oxidation of incense burning plumes under O3 exposure and dark 20 condition using an oxidation flow reactor connected to a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Nitrate formation 21 was observed in incense burning particles, mainly attributable to the ozonolysis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. 22 With UV on, nitrate formation was significantly enhanced, likely due to HNO3/HNO2/NOx uptake triggered by OH chemistry, 23 which is more effective than ozone oxidation. The extent of nitrate formation is insensitive to O3 and OH exposure, which can 24 be explained by the diffusion limitation on interfacial uptake. The OH-aged particles are more oxygenated and functionalized 25 than O3-aged particles. Oxalate and malonate, two typical secondary organic aerosols (SOA), were found in OH-aged particles. 26 Our work reveals that nitrate, accompanied by SOA, can rapidly form in incense-burning particles upon photochemical 27 oxidation in the atmosphere, which could deepen our understanding of air pollution caused by religious activities. 28

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