Lead Acid Battery Systems and Technology for Sustainable Energy

Work on optimizing battery designs to fit the needs of each emerging application has been an ongoing process since Gaston Plante first demonstrated the lead-acid battery in France in 1859 [1]. This article describes many different commercial lead-acid battery designs and electrical requirements in a wide range of applications. Commercial lead-acid batteries are increasingly used for sustainable energy storage and power system regulation. Their global availability and the low cost of their components, their reliability under many operating conditions and their established recycling industry are among the reasons that the technology is finding additional markets in sustainable energy systems.